Creepy figure Essay

Miss Havisham appears to be an especially frightening figure as she sits at a dressing table in an old, yellowed wedding outfit. The room is by all accounts solidified in time, and Miss Havisham, dressed as a lady of the hour, looks increasingly like a cadaver. At the point when Pip sees Miss Havisham, she is as yet wearing her wedding dress. â€Å"She was wearing rich materials †glossy silks, and ribbon, and silks †the entirety of white. Her shoes were white. Furthermore, she had a long white vail, dependant from her hair, and she had marriage blossoms in her hair, yet her hair was white. † Making Miss Havisham wear her wedding dress from the outset gives us the feeling that she possibly is intended to get hitched that day. Anyway we do before long discover that she has been in her dress for a considerable length of time. This gives us that Miss Havisham is discouraged. All through the following 10 or so parts, Pip leaves and moves to London with the cash from an obscure source. Pip turns into a courteous fellow living with his companion. In Chapter 27, Joe Gargery stays with Pip in London. After Pip peruses the letter from Joe’s new spouse, he at that point says â€Å"Let me admit precisely with what sentiments I anticipated Joes coming. Not with pleasure†¦ † This sentence gives us that Pip had grown up and developed moreover. Also, even become an egotist. Pip presently looks down on Joe as he is normal and not a refined man like Pip. These couple of lines spoken by Pip begin to cause us to feel somewhat removed from him as he is currently so unique, it’s as though the peruser doesn’t know this man. When Pip shows up, he welcomes Joe saying â€Å"How would you say you are Joe? † to which Joe answers â€Å"Pip, how air you Pip? † Joe’s discourse is a confused endeavor at sounding over-expressive. It could peruse as though Joe is emulating Pip, attempting to state that he is rich, in any case, I feel that all Joe is attempting to do is act more high society than he is infront of Pip so as not to humiliate him. Nonetheless, he does. Joe then says â€Å"Us two being distant from everyone else now sir-† with regards to which Pip intrudes. By calling Pip â€Å"Sir,† and he appears to utilize his cap to redirect his apprehensive vitality, and it’s continually falling on the floor. This entry causes the peruser to feel awkward for both Pip and Joe as the utilization of sensational incongruity sets in. We realize what both the characters are thinking and feeling, yet they don't. In Chapter 48, we read that Pip needs to head out back to meet Miss Havisham. She has mentioned to meet with him. In section 49 Pip shows up at Miss Havisham’s house. On of the initial barely any lines we read are after Miss Havisham state â€Å"Thank you† to Pip and we read that Pip â€Å"remarked another demeanor all over, as though she feared me. † This shows naturally that there has been a job inversion. Prior Pip had been feeble and tentative and now it seems as though Miss Havisham is the kid. The savagery of her activities appears to have at last hit her, and she separates, crying â€Å"What have I done! † and even tumbles to her knees before Pip and asks his absolution. Dickens utilizes Miss Havisham in this Chapter as though she had ‘seen the light’ and needs to atone her wrongdoings. From the outset in the book we don’t truly like her, however now as she apologizes we become attached to her and do in reality like her. Pip leaves the room, however restores a couple of moments later on some odd presentiment. Similarly as he strolls through the entryway, the old woman’s dress bursts into flames, and Pip wrestles her to the ground to cover the blazes. Them two are singed, Miss Havisham so severely that she is enclosed by bandage and spread out on the marriage table, in a kind of ugly reverberation of her typical white wedding gear. The specialist cautions that there is risk of her going into anxious stun. To finish up. Charles Dickens, one of the incredible scholars of his time, utilizes a wide range of strategies in Great Expectations to control the reader’s emotions towards a character, for example, redundancy, disarray, the utilization of hues and sensational incongruity. He utilizes his procedures to cause us to feel sorry for the ‘bad’ characters yet he controls this so that by the end we do Infact like them, which is the reason he is know worldwide for his work today.

Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene

Alzheimer’s malady, AD, is a troubling condition that includes the decrease in comprehension of the brain which results to maniacal confusion, and full of feeling and conduct aggravations (Bloom 9). It is a dynamic focal sensory system issue and the fundamental driver of dementia (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). Alois Alzheimer in 1907 revealed the instance of a 51-year old Frankfurt lady who kicked the bucket in dementia (Bloom 9). He depicted the neuropathological state of the lady with neurofibrillary tangles or NFTs and amyloid plaques or NPs (Bloom10). NPs are extracellular beta-amyloid peptide or A?Spherical stores firmly identified with dendrites, responsive astrocytes, dystrophic axons, and actuated microglia (Felician and Sandson 19). Consequently, for quite a few years, community oriented endeavors of specialists from various logical and therapeutic undertakings were dedicated for the neurological and pathophysiological portrayal of this infection (Bloom 9). In that capacity , the jobs of four indicated qualities, just as the component of oxidative pressure, tau, aggravation, hormonal changes, and irritation on the AD’s neurodegeneration have been the focal subject of logical examinations led on this malady (Felician and Sandson 19).As specialists consistently picked up experiences on the instruments of neurodegeneration, pharmacological systems are simultaneously conceived for the improvement of suitable medication treatment and mediations (Felician and Sandson 19). Sub-atomic Mechanism Early and late beginning ADs are kinds of familial AD which are hereditarily heterogeneous. Familial AD is represented 10% of AD cases from 30-multi year old patients and credited to three sorts of qualities which included APP, presenilin-1 or PSEN1 and presenilin-2 or PSEN2 (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1).Nonetheless, the changes in these qualities likewise cause A? - level increment; A? is produced by proteolytic APP section that was additionally seen in the minds of AD patients (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 2). In any case, not all AD cases can be credited to the three recognized qualities. Qualities are then the most significant determinant of AD improvement (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 2). Then again, there is an incredible possibility for kids with guardians having history of familial AD to acquire the hereditary characteristics and grow either beginning stage or late-beginning AD (Jayadev et.al. 375). Too, AD advancement danger in the posterity is legitimately identified with age; the propensity of AD event among offspring of guardians with authentic AD foundation increments as the youngsters gain progress in their development and improvement (Jayadev et. al. 375). The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s sickness, on cell level, has been reliably watched. The pyramidal neurons are the kind of cortical cells that are in a general sense decayed in AD pathogenesis coming about to the spread of NPs and NFTs in cortex territories (Felician and Sandson 20).Both NPs and NFTs are typically found in cerebrum zones in the maturing procedure yet their fixations and densities are curious on account of AD (Felician and Sandson 20). Initially, NPs are found at the amygdala and amassed in parietal affiliation and request worldly cortex parts (Felician and Sandson 20). In the development of AD, NPs can likewise be seen in hippocampus, in different structures of mesial temporolimbic cerebrum, and even in cortical and meningeal veins (Felician and Sandson 20).Luckily, the regions for sensorimotor and visual are stayed unaffected. In the interim, in the beginning time of AD, NFTs can be discovered hippocampus, amygdala, and in entorhinal cortex, the affiliation cortex has bounty of NFTs (Felician and Sandson 20). Be that as it may, NFTs are not solely for the instances of AD, these are additionally recognized in the few cerebral difficulties like in dementia pugilistica, postencephalitic parkinsonism, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (Felician a nd Sandson 20). The arrangement of NPs is credited to the A ? peptide affidavit; A ?peptide types that just vary in C-terminal are basic in cerebrovascular and extracellular plaques (Felician and Sandson 19). A ? peptide, made up of 39-43 amino acids, is regularly created from APP or amyloid forerunner protein. Moreover, the arrangement of hydrophobic C-terminal is critical in its dissolvability and amyloid development rate (Felician and Sandson 19). Accordingly, A ? with 40 amino acids, A ? 40, just as A? peptide with 42 and 43 amino acids or A? 42 and A ? 43 individually (Felician and Sandson 19). Be that as it may, in vitro, the variations of A?42 and A? 43 can without much of a stretch structure insoluble fibrils as contrasted and the A? 40 variation (Felician and Sandson 19). Moreover, the brooding of these A? variations can quickly prompt blend inferring the conceivable amyloid plaque statement through these segments. In accordance with this, diffuse plaques have nonfibrillary and A? solvent constituents meaning the feeble plaques’ beginning period (Felician and Sandson 19). In like manner, diffuse plaques have A? stores without neuritic degeneration (Felician and Sandson 19).On the other hand, neurofibrillary tangles, included unusual packs of intraneuronal fibers, are comprised of tau microtubule-related protein with high level of phosphorylation (Felician and Sandson 19). The level of phosphorylation is to a great extent reliant on the enzymatic exercises of kinases that are not yet completely comprehended (Felician and Sandson 19). In any case, the intraneuronal anomalous fibers organize themselves in either equal or helical packages in perikaryotic cytoplasm that reach the dentritic forms (Felician and Sandson 19).The amyloid antecedent protein, a layer glycoprotein, is comprised of 28 A? extracellular buildups and 12 to 15 putative transmembrane deposits (Felician and Sandson 20). It additionally happens as 695, 751, and 770-amino corrosive isoform. While the 695-amino corrosive isoform happens mostly in neurons, 770 and 751-amino corrosive structures are seen on both non-neural and neural cells alongside protease inhibitor areas (Felician and Sandson 20). Applications are conveyed into the cell film by secretory vesicles and may experience proteolytic bond breakage through the activity of ?- secretase (Felician and Sandson 20). Thus, this cleavage creates ? - APP, a dissolvable ectodomain and the antecedent for A? peptide creation through cleavage in A? area. As the age of dissolvable APP seems to be, in vitro, attributed with the movement of protein kinase C, uncleaved APP is derived to take the proteolytic pathway (Felician and Sandson 20). Then again, APP intracerllular reusing and the board are done through endocytotic or endosome-lysosome implies. The endocytotic course causes proteolytic cleavages by methods for ?†and ? - secratases prompting the union of A? (Felician and Sandson 20). Also, A? creation is i mproved by intracellular calcium fixation which indicated the criticalness of calcium-rich proteases in A? creation (Felician and Sandson 20). In vivo, APP cleavage happens at N-end at the A? - district through the activity of ? - secretase and at the C-end by methods for ? - secretase movement (Mohan 1). Likewise, APP can take a pathway encouraged by ? - secretase at the A? - peptide space creating dissolvable ? - APP (Mohan 1).Ezymes can likewise assault APP without A? - peptide age (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). Since the putative ? - secretase, heavily influenced by kinase C, manages the age of dissolvable APP, any specialists that underpins this digestion may thwart the A? creation (Felician and Sandson 21). Also, A? statement may likewise be diminished by drugs which repress APP cleavage into ? †and ? - secratases (Felician and Sandson 21). In any case, specialists that can obstruct A? mixture would diminish its neurotoxicity impacts (Felician and Sandson 21).After the develop ment of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and irritation directs the passing of neurons (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). Comparable to this, microglia and astrocytes cells of the cerebrum are vigorously influenced by provocative procedure (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In AD patients, astrocytes are amplified and produce prostaglandin which thusly imparts sign to initiate the aggravation intervened by arachidonic corrosive (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). Then again, microglia produces free radicals which cause neurons’ demise (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1).Meanwhile, cell supplements just as its guideline parts are moved through the microtubules in which basic properties are chiefly reliant on tau protein (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In AD condition, the tau reduces its capacity to tie with microtubules and ties with other tau protein coming about to bunches of helical fibers called as neurofibrillary tangles (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). Application Duplication is Sufficient to Cause Early Onset Alzheim er’s Dementia with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Studies indicated that A? encoding through APP quality articulation prompts the advancement of Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et.al. 2977). Application hereditary articulation results to raised degrees of A? 42, a 42-amino corrosive result of the proteolytic procedure (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Beside the cleavage of APP into alpha, beta, and gamma secretases, high APP hereditary articulation results to raised degrees of A? 42 and A? statement (Sleegers et. al. 2977). In the interim, it has been for some time realized that APP level triplication in Down’s disorder patients results to the improvement of Alzheimer type dementia at beginning period; the APP extreme articulation prompts neurodegeneration and A? affidavit (Sleegers et. al.2977). Corresponding to this, it was accounted for that families with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and beginning stage Alzheimer type dementia had APP genomic duplications which inferred that APP over-articulation, without full trisomy 21, has set off the Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Furthermore, Alzheimer-type dementia patients have raised APP mRNA levels in their minds (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Further, the vari

Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Therapy

Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Therapy September 19, 2019 More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Are you considering online therapy? The internet has opened up new avenues for mental health treatment, but there are some pros and cons you should consider before you decide if e-therapy, also known as teletherapy,?? is right for you. Advantages of Online Therapy Let’s explore some of the biggest advantages of online therapy.?? A Good Option for Remote Areas Online therapy offers access to mental health information to people in rural or remote areas. Those who live in such areas simply might not have access to any other form of mental health treatment because there are limited or no mental health practices in their geographic area. E-therapy?? gives these individuals access to treatment that they might not have otherwise. Accessibility for Those With Physical Limitations Online therapy provides accessibility to individuals who are disabled or housebound. Mobility can be a big issue when it comes to accessing mental health care. Individuals who are unable to leave their home for various reasons, such as physical or mental illness, may find online therapy a useful alternative to traditional psychotherapy settings. Convenience and Affordability Online therapy is usually fairly affordable and convenient. Since you will be attending therapy sessions online in the comfort of your own home, you can often schedule your therapy sessions for times that are the most convenient for you. Today, many states require insurance providers to cover online therapy just as they would traditional therapy sessions. Contact your insurance company to learn more about how e-therapy treatments will be covered by your policy. Online therapists often offer affordable treatment options for those who are not covered by health insurance. Online Therapy Makes Information More Accessible The Internet makes mental health information more accessible.?? People may feel comfortable talking to friends and family about health care issues but may not feel the same discussing mental health concerns. It Can Also Be an Educational Tool E-therapy can be an important tool to help people learn more about psychological health. Even if you feel like your mental well-being is strong, online therapy can help you become psychologically stronger.?? You can learn more about health behaviors and coping strategies that will lead to better psychological health. The 8 Best Online Therapy Programs Disadvantages of Online Therapy While online therapy can potentially be very helpful for people in certain situations, at this point in time it does not come without some risks or disadvantages over traditional therapy options. Some Insurance Companies Will Not Cover E-Therapy Insurance coverage for e-therapy can depend upon the state where you live and the insurance that you have. Some insurance policies do not cover online therapy. Paying for psychotherapy services out-of-pocket can add up quickly. Some States Do Not Allow Out-of-State Providers Many states do not allow out-of-state psychologists to provide services. In such cases, your provider would need to be licensed in both their home state as well as your home state. In an article for the APAs Monitor on Psychology,?? Deborah Baker, a legal expert for the American Psychological Association, explained that some states allow psychologists to provide out-of-state mental health services for a limited amount of time. This usually consists of only 10 to 30 days per year. However psychologists can practice online therapy with clients in their own state, which can be a great option for those who live at a distance, are housebound, or who need access to conventional treatment options. Concerns About Confidentiality, Privacy, and Unreliable Technology Keeping your personal information private is a major concern in psychotherapy, but online treatment adds a layer of complexity. Confidentiality is just as important in online therapy as it is in more traditional forms of treatment delivery. Since information is being transmitted online, the situation makes privacy leaks and hacks more of a concern. Technology problems can also make it difficult to access treatment when you really need it. Online Therapists Cannot Respond to Crisis Situations Since online therapists are distant from the client, it is difficult to respond quickly and effectively when a crisis happens. If a client is experiencing suicidal thoughts or has suffered a personal tragedy, it can be difficult or even impossible for the therapist to provide direct assistance. Online Therapy Is Not Appropriate for Those With Serious Psychiatric Illnesses E-therapy can be useful for a variety of situations,?? but not when it comes to more serious psychiatric illnesses that require close and direct treatment. It is also not appropriate for people with complicated or detailed problems. The scope of therapy tends to be limited, so it is rarely effective in more complex situations. Online Therapy Sometimes Lacks Important Information In many cases, online therapists cannot see facial expressions, vocal signals, or body language. These signals can often be quite telling and give the therapist a clearer picture of your feelings, thoughts, moods, and behaviors. Some delivery methods such as voice-over-Internet technology and video chats can provide a clearer picture of the situation, but they often lack the intimacy and intricacy that real-world interactions possess. Ethical and Legal Concerns Pose Potential Problems Online therapy eliminates geographic restraints, making the enforcement of legal and ethical codes difficult.?? Therapists can treat clients from anywhere in the world, and many states have different licensing requirements and treatment guidelines. It is important to understand your therapists qualifications and experience before you begin the treatment process. What to Know About Psychotherapy

Mozart Effect Field Research - 1740 Words

Mozart Effect Field Research PSYCH/600 Diana Slade September 30, 2013 Dr. Debra Jennings Mozart Effect Field Research Many parents have come to believe that music, especially classical music played during pregnancy or in the nursery of their newborns would make their precious bundle of joy smarter. Is there science to prove that this is true, or is it just a quick way to sale books, cd, and videos’. The Mozart Effect drove expectant mothers and mothers of young children to believe that through this music their child would become exceptional learners. What parent would not want the best for their child? Parents are desperate to give their children every enhancement that they can.†¦show more content†¦The Mozart Effect interested parents because they believed it was simple way for them to increase their child’s IQ. Entrepreneurs were motivated by easy profits because of the book called â€Å"Mozart Effect† written by Don Campbell. There is very little merit that proves that listening to Mozarts’ music increases the IQ of children. Using the name Mozart Effect as a trademark in infomercials for his book, discs and cassettes was a way to get the news out to mainstream America. Mr. Campbell gained a lot of fame and fortune through speaking engagement, cd, tape sells and promotion by the media. The media created the illusion that listening to Mozart’s music will somehow increase spatial intelligence, concentration and memory and enhance right brain creativity activity. These were some of the promises that were used to promote the sale of Mozart Effect CDs. This information leads me to believe that the Mozart’s Effect is not at all what it claimed to be. It is true that all styles of music activates the auditory cortex (this is the area of the brain that processes sound) and often times triggers parts of the brain that are connected to our emotions. There are other studies that have found there is no statistically significant â€Å"Mozart Effect†. It is disappointing that the media and commercial ventures have used unverified studies to promote the sale of a product to the public. All of the false claims stating that Mozart’s music increases one’s intelligenceShow MoreRelatedClassical Music: The Mozart Effect Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mozart effect is a phenomena whereby listening to ten minutes of Mozart’s music, a person’s spatial IQ is boosted by 8-9 points (on the Stanford-Binet IQ Scale), in comparison to listening to ten minutes of a relaxation tape or silence (Rauscher, Shaw an d Ky, 1993). This literature review critically assesses the key works and concepts concerning the Mozart effect, specifically its methodologies, its limits, and finally, alternative theories. While some academics argue that ‘listening to MozartRead MoreMozart Effect And Its Effect On Mental Development1479 Words   |  6 PagesThe Idea of the Mozart effect came at a time when scientists were trying to merge the aspect of psychology (the science of the mind), and neuroscience (the science of the brain). Scientists felt that music plays a major role in the learning and thinking processes (â€Å"The Mozart Effect†). The Mozart effect refers to the resultant enhanced mental performance that arises when one listens to Mozart’s music. It is suggested that listening to Mozart makes one smarter by improving their spatial intelligenceRead MoreEssay On Mozart Effect1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mozart Effect, broadly stated, is the idea that music can help with many othe r aspects of a student’s education. Its research started decades ago and is still highly debated today, with some condition to the findings. However, in Bob Duke’s article, he explains why it doesn’t matter whether of not it helps tests scores. He believes we should not be using this as an excuse for keeping music programs because there are countless better reasons. Duke’s article highly reinforced why I personally believeRead MoreThe Role Of Visual Spatial Relation On Cognitive And Problem Solving1184 Words   |  5 Pagestheory about spatial- temporal abilities labeled the Mozart effect. Rauscher originally tested the Mozart effect by comparing spatial ability test results of a group that sat in silence prior to testing, and a group that listened to Mozart or Schubert prior to testing. The Mozart effect, therefore, indicates that listening to Mozart before testing positively affected and increased test results. The introduction of this idea to the psyc hological field spurred further replication and expansion experimentsRead MoreMozart, Also Known As Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Amadeus1789 Words   |  8 PagesMozart, also known as Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian composer who was recognized as one of the greatest composers of the Western Hemisphere. Mozart was considered equal to Haydn and beethoven for he improved upon the Viennese Musical School. Some of the things that made Mozart different from other composers was that he wrote and practiced all genres of music, and was quite skilled at it as well. He also had a great amount of skill in his every one of the genres he has practicedRead MoreThe Relationship between Math and Music Essay2505 Words   |  11 Pagesmusic also helped them to accomplish great things in the field of mathematics. Music helps enhance one’s mathematical skills by training the brain to think critically and analytically, developing one’s sequential and rhythmic skills, and stimulating the use of spatial reasoning, all of which are useful in solving mathematics. This music theory became famous when study on the Mozart Effect was developed in the late 1950s. Mozart effect is a theory in which one can improve his intellectual performanceRead MoreAmadeus : An Enlightening Approach Essay2767 Words   |  12 Pagesall influential superhuman, divinely inspired genius of Mozart .The different actors in the movie represent different aspects such as Salieri is a plodding bureaucratic court composer who struggles to weave pleasing melodies out of his limited musical inspiration .He watches and observes the innate talent as Mozart ,who â€Å"takes dictation from god† and sets his genius into work of popularity. He also feels enraged towards God for endowing Mozart with such unearthly incredible gifts, and so finally resolvesRead MoreBiography of Albert Einstein Essay795 Words   |  4 Pagesaward is the Metteucci Medal 1921, which is an Italian award for physicists, it was created to award physicists for fundamental contributions, the Copley Medal 1925, is a scientific award given by the royal society for outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science, the Max Planck Medal 1929, is the highest award for German society it is recognized for extra ordinary achievements in theory physics, the Time Person of the Century 1999, is recognized for being the 20th century’s 100Read More autism therapy Essay642 Words   |  3 Pages Albert Einstein, a world genius behind the famous E=mc ², Ludwig Van Beethoven and Wolfgang Mozart, the two great maestros who altered the face of classical music, and Keanu Reeves, a versatile Hollywood actor who rose to the ranks of fame and fortune: great achievements by great people. All these men have two things in common. History, that each of them had made in their own fields, and gifts, that have driven them to their fullest. Who would have thought that their being â€Å"extraordinary† could bringRead MoreResearch Your Favorite Instrument on the Web3547 Words   |  15 PagesAssignment 3: Research Your Favorite Instrument On The Web A. Task The purpose of this assignment is to develop critical thinking in your approach to researching your instrument of choice on the web. You may choose from any of the instruments mentioned in the course. For this assignment you are asked to SUMMARIZE or CRITIQUE the various features of each of the ten web sites NOT to simply copy and paste information directly from each site into your submission. Please dont just list a lot of

Roy Plunkett and the Invention of Teflon

Dr. Roy Plunkett discovered PTFE or polytetrafluoroethylene, the basis of Teflon ®, in April 1938. It’s one of those discoveries that happened by accident. Plunkett Discovers PTFE Plunkett held a Bachelor of Arts degree, a Master of Science degree, and his PhD in organic chemistry when he went to work at the DuPont research laboratories in Edison, New Jersey. He  was working with gases related to Freon ®Ã‚  refrigerants when he stumbled upon PTFE. Plunkett and his assistant, Jack Rebok, were charged with developing an alternative refrigerant and came up with tetrafluorethylene or TFE. They ended up making about 100 pounds of TFE and were faced with the dilemma of storing it all. They placed the TFE in small cylinders and froze them.  When they later checked on the refrigerant, they found the cylinders effectively empty, even though they felt heavy enough that they should still have been full. They cut one open and found that the TFE had polymerized into a white, waxy powder -- polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE resin. Plunkett was an inveterate scientist. He had this new substance on his hands, but what to do with it? It was slippery, chemically stable and had a high melting point. He began playing with it, attempting to find out if it would serve any useful purpose at all. Ultimately, the challenge was taken out of his hands when he was promoted and sent to a different division. The TFE was sent to DuPont’s Central Research Department. The scientists there were instructed to experiment with the substance, and Teflon ® was born. Teflon Properties The molecular weight of Teflon ® can exceed 30 million, making it one of the largest molecules known to man. A colorless, odorless powder, it is a fluoroplastic with many properties that  give it an increasingly wide range of uses. The surface is so slippery, virtually nothing sticks to it or is absorbed by it – the Guinness Book of World Records once listed it as the slipperiest substance on earth. It’s still the only known substance that a geckos feet cant stick to.   The Teflon Trademark PTFE was first marketed under the DuPont Teflon ® trademark in 1945.   No wonder Teflon ® was chosen to be used on non-stick cooking pans, but it was originally used only for industrial and military purposes because it was so expensive to make. The first non-stick pan using  Teflon ® was marketed in France as Tefal in 1954. The U.S. followed with its own Teflon ®-coated pan -- the Happy Pan -- in 1861. Teflon Today Teflon ® can be found just about everywhere these days: as a stain repellant in fabrics, carpets and furniture, in automobile windshield wipers, hair products, lightbulbs, eyeglasses, electrical wires and infrared decoy flares. As for those cooking pans, feel free to take a wire whisk or any other utensil to them – unlike in the old days, you won’t risk scratching the Teflon ® coating because its been improved. . Dr. Plunkett stayed with DuPont until his retirement in 1975. He died in 1994, but not before being inducted into the Plastics Hall of Fame and the National Inventors’ Hall of Fame.

Argumentative Essay Format Free Essays

Title: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY FORMAT Intro: PURPOSE: To set up and state one’s claim OPTIONAL ELEMENTS Make your introductory paragraph interesting. How can you draw your readers in? What background information, if any, do we need to know in order to understand your claim? If you don’t follow this paragraph with a background information paragraph, please insert that info here. REQUIRED ELEMENTS ? If you’re arguing about a literary work—state author + title ? If you’re arguing about an issue or theory – provide brief explanation or your of issue/theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Essay Format or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you’re arguing about a film—state director, year + title ? STATE your claim at the end of your introductory paragraph BACKGROUND PARAGRAPH o 1-2 paragraphs tops; Optional (can omit for some papers). Also, sometimes this info is incorporated into the introduction paragraph (see above). o PURPOSE: Lays the foundation for proving your argument. o Will often include: ? Summary of works being discussed ? Definition of key terms ? Explanation of key theories SUPPORTING EVIDENCE PARAGRAPH #1 o PURPOSE: To prove your argument. Usually is one paragraph but it can be longer. Topic Sentence: What is one item, fact, detail, or example you can tell your readers that will help them better understand your claim/paper topic? Your answer should be the topic sentence for this paragraph. o Explain Topic Sentence: Do you need to explain your topic sentence? If so, do so here. o Introduce Evidence: Introduce your evidence either in a few words (As Dr. Brown states ? †¦? ) or in a f ull sentence (? To understand this issue we first need to look at statistics). o State Evidence: What supporting evidence (reasons, examples, facts, statistics, and/or quotations) can you include to prove/support/explain your topic sentence? Explain Evidence: How should we read or interpret the evidence you are providing us? How does this evidence prove the point you are trying to make in this paragraph? Can be opinion based and is often at least 1-3 sentences. o Concluding Sentence: End your paragraph with a concluding sentence that reasserts how the topic sentence of this paragraph helps up better understand and/or prove your paper’s overall claim. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE PARAGRAPH #2, 3, 4 etc. o Repeat above ? COUNTERARGUMENT PARAGRAPH o PURPOSE: To anticipate your reader’s objections; make yourself sound more objective and reasonable. Optional; usually 1-2 paragraphs tops o What possible argument might your reader pose against your argument and/or some aspect of your reasoning? Insert one or more of those arguments here and refute them. o End paragraph with a concluding sentence that reasserts your paper’s claim as a whole. ? CONCLUSION PART 1: SUM UP PARAGRAPH o PURPOSE: Remind readers of your argument and supporting evidence o Conclusion you were most likely taught to write in High School CONCLUSION PART 2: YOUR â€Å"SO WHAT† PARAGRAPH o PURPOSE: To illustrate to your instructor that you have thought critically and analytically about this issue. Your conclusion should not simply restate your intro paragraph. If your conclusion says almost the exact same thing as your introduction, it may indicate that you have not done enough critical thinking during the course of your essay (since you ended up right where you started). o Your conclusion should tell us why we should care about your paper. What is the significance of your claim? Why is it important to you as the writer or to me as the reader? What information should you or I take away from this? o Your conclusion should create a sense of movement to a more complex understanding of the subject of your paper. By the end of your essay, you should have worked through your ideas enough so that your reader understands what you have argued and is ready to hear the larger point (i. e. the â€Å"so what†) you want to make about your topic. o Your conclusion should serve as the climax of your paper. So, save your strongest analytical points for the end of your essay, and use them to drive your conclusion o Vivid, concrete language is as important in a conclusion as it is elsewhere–perhaps more essential, since the conclusion determines the reader’s final impression of your essay. Do not leave them with the impression that your argument was vague or unsure. o WARNING: It’s fine to introduce new information or quotations in your conclusions, as long as the new points grow from your argument. New points might be more general, answering the â€Å"so what† question; they might be quite specific. Just avoid making new claims that need lots of additional support. OUTLINE WORKSHOP INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #1 SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #2 SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #3 COUNTERARGUMENT SUM UP CONCLUSION ? Sum up claim + supporting evidence statements SO WHAT CONCLUSION How to cite Argumentative Essay Format, Essays Argumentative Essay Format Free Essays Title: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY FORMAT Intro: PURPOSE: To set up and state one’s claim OPTIONAL ELEMENTS Make your introductory paragraph interesting. How can you draw your readers in? What background information, if any, do we need to know in order to understand your claim? If you don’t follow this paragraph with a background information paragraph, please insert that info here. REQUIRED ELEMENTS ? If you’re arguing about a literary work—state author + title ? If you’re arguing about an issue or theory – provide brief explanation or your of issue/theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Essay Format or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you’re arguing about a film—state director, year + title ? STATE your claim at the end of your introductory paragraph BACKGROUND PARAGRAPH o 1-2 paragraphs tops; Optional (can omit for some papers). Also, sometimes this info is incorporated into the introduction paragraph (see above). o PURPOSE: Lays the foundation for proving your argument. o Will often include: ? Summary of works being discussed ? Definition of key terms ? Explanation of key theories SUPPORTING EVIDENCE PARAGRAPH #1 o PURPOSE: To prove your argument. Usually is one paragraph but it can be longer. Topic Sentence: What is one item, fact, detail, or example you can tell your readers that will help them better understand your claim/paper topic? Your answer should be the topic sentence for this paragraph. o Explain Topic Sentence: Do you need to explain your topic sentence? If so, do so here. o Introduce Evidence: Introduce your evidence either in a few words (As Dr. Brown states ? †¦? ) or in a f ull sentence (? To understand this issue we first need to look at statistics). o State Evidence: What supporting evidence (reasons, examples, facts, statistics, and/or quotations) can you include to prove/support/explain your topic sentence? Explain Evidence: How should we read or interpret the evidence you are providing us? How does this evidence prove the point you are trying to make in this paragraph? Can be opinion based and is often at least 1-3 sentences. o Concluding Sentence: End your paragraph with a concluding sentence that reasserts how the topic sentence of this paragraph helps up better understand and/or prove your paper’s overall claim. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE PARAGRAPH #2, 3, 4 etc. o Repeat above ? COUNTERARGUMENT PARAGRAPH o PURPOSE: To anticipate your reader’s objections; make yourself sound more objective and reasonable. Optional; usually 1-2 paragraphs tops o What possible argument might your reader pose against your argument and/or some aspect of your reasoning? Insert one or more of those arguments here and refute them. o End paragraph with a concluding sentence that reasserts your paper’s claim as a whole. ? CONCLUSION PART 1: SUM UP PARAGRAPH o PURPOSE: Remind readers of your argument and supporting evidence o Conclusion you were most likely taught to write in High School CONCLUSION PART 2: YOUR â€Å"SO WHAT† PARAGRAPH o PURPOSE: To illustrate to your instructor that you have thought critically and analytically about this issue. Your conclusion should not simply restate your intro paragraph. If your conclusion says almost the exact same thing as your introduction, it may indicate that you have not done enough critical thinking during the course of your essay (since you ended up right where you started). o Your conclusion should tell us why we should care about your paper. What is the significance of your claim? Why is it important to you as the writer or to me as the reader? What information should you or I take away from this? o Your conclusion should create a sense of movement to a more complex understanding of the subject of your paper. By the end of your essay, you should have worked through your ideas enough so that your reader understands what you have argued and is ready to hear the larger point (i. e. the â€Å"so what†) you want to make about your topic. o Your conclusion should serve as the climax of your paper. So, save your strongest analytical points for the end of your essay, and use them to drive your conclusion o Vivid, concrete language is as important in a conclusion as it is elsewhere–perhaps more essential, since the conclusion determines the reader’s final impression of your essay. Do not leave them with the impression that your argument was vague or unsure. o WARNING: It’s fine to introduce new information or quotations in your conclusions, as long as the new points grow from your argument. New points might be more general, answering the â€Å"so what† question; they might be quite specific. Just avoid making new claims that need lots of additional support. OUTLINE WORKSHOP INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #1 SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #2 SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #3 COUNTERARGUMENT SUM UP CONCLUSION ? Sum up claim + supporting evidence statements SO WHAT CONCLUSION How to cite Argumentative Essay Format, Essay examples

Intentional Tort Essay Sample free essay sample

Intentional Tort is a purposeful act committed by a individual against another individual that consequences in injury. In this instance it is a nursing helper harming a patient. An illustration is a nurse put toxicant in the patient’s nutrient to bring down injury on them. The instance I found was about 16 twelvemonth old Rachelle Harris. On July 4th. 1988 Rachelle tried to perpetrate self-destruction and was checked into a psychiatric unit of Baptist Hospital. Rachelle was so raped by a nursing helper on July 16th. 1988. Dr. Isabelle L. Ochsner found no grounds of physical injury by a colza trial. Dr. Ochsner did reason Rachelle was hysterical and really emotional. they had to calm her. The constabulary offense lab performed an scrutiny on Rochelle’s apparels. her apparels came back positive with male sperm on them. Raymond Steward the nursing helper went into Rachelle’s room. she woke up with him touching her organic structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Intentional Tort Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She was shouting and was stating Raymond she was a virgin. Raymond didn’t halt until he finished. When Raymond eventually left she went into her bathroom which doesn’t have locks. to clean herself up and conceal from Raymond. After approximately 15 proceedingss Raymond came into the bathroom where he raped and attacked her once more. When he left for the 2nd clip she ran to the nurse’s station to utilize the phone. The nurse behind the counter said she would hold to wait until regular phone times. Very disquieted she went to her friend’s room. Rachelle confided in Rosanna Moore about Raymond raping and assailing her. When Rachelle left Rosanna’s room. Raymond went indoors and proceeded to demo Rosanna images of his married woman and childs. He was stating her he was a good cat and to delight quiet Rachelle down and no 1 state anyone what happened. Rosanna so asked him to travel acquire her a phone. which he set it right outside her room. Rosanna called her ma and told her everything. and so the ma called Rochelle’s ma and filled her in. Raymond disappeared from the edifice after dropping the phone off to Rosanna. Rochelle’s Mom met her girl at the infirmary while she was acquiring trials done. Raymond was fired on July 16th. 1988 for abandoning his occupation without notice. Rachelle’s joint tutrixes Ernestine and Leotha Samuels Filed a case against Baptist Hospital. the insurance company and Raymond Steward. They claimed emotional hurt from the colza. Rachelle’s male parent so filed a request of intercession. claiming loss of service and society. Raymond testified as guilty of simple colza in January 1989. The tribunal awarded Rachelle a amount of $ 450. 000. Baptist Hospital is saying that is excessively much money. because she already had issues prior to the colza. Some of her issues included her pa mistreating her from a immature age. She tried to perpetrate suicide twice before the colza and one time after the colza. She slit her wrists the first clip. the 2nd clip she overdosed on Tylenol and Motrin. The 3rd clip after the colza she took so much anti-depressant that she had to acquire her tummy pumped. She was so admitted to Charter House Hospital where she stayed until March 8th 1989. I merely don’t understand how people can make these sorts of Acts of the Apostless and unrecorded with themselves. That hapless miss is traveling to be damaged for the remainder of her life because some imbecile wanted to hold sex. There are many willing people out at that place to hold sex. why couldn’t he merely travel find one of them. I see her holding trust issues. authorization i ssues and perchance even sex issues. I am certain there will be a batch more. I have neer been in that state of affairs so I don’t truly cognize what goes through your caput after a traumatic event like that. The infirmary did province they got a background cheque done on Raymond Steward. The consequences came back good. He was neer in problem. neer arrested. Nothing coming up means he either has neer done this sort of thing and it was his first clip. or that he has neer been caught for making it. He was uprightly discharged from the Untied States Army. So the infirmary hired him. on paper he looks like a great cat. The lone ways this could hold been prevented is a more in deepness background cheque. Geting mentions from Raymond and naming them to see what his household. friends and coworkers have to state about him. Another option would be more staffing on each displacement ; two nurses should travel into a room together at all times. I think that would cut out a large portion. The other manner is merely allowing male staff go in to male patient’s suites. and female staff goes into female suites. Now I know this could still go on with the same gender. but I don’t believe it would go on every bit much as it does now. Another manner to travel about it if you don’t have adequate male employees or female employees is directing two in at the same clip a male and female. So because he did this on intent and to bring down hurting. harming the patient it is called knowing civil wrong. He knew precisely what he was making. Refrences Richards. E. P. . III. ( 1992. February 13 ) . The Samuels V Baptist Hospital Case. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //biotech. jurisprudence. lsu. edu/cases/la/medmal/samuels. htm

Limitations on President Essay Example

Limitations on President Essay Among the specific factors which Newsstands work highlighted are Congress, the Supreme Court, the Constitution and its amendments, the federal system, mass media, pressure groups and the federal bureaucracy. Imperial presidency The term the imperial presidency gained popularity in the early sass as a consequence of Arthur Schlesinger book in 1973. Schlesinger charts the abuse of power by successive twentieth-century presidents, in particular Lyndon Johnson (1963-69) and Richard Nixon (1969-74), which was due to the growth of the US presidency since the sass. In 1964, during the Vietnam War, Congress passed an authorization, the Tonic Gulf Resolution which states that Congress approves and purports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. This wasnt so much a power grab by Lyndon Johnson as an abdication of the power of Congress as it was a blank queue which President Johnson took as the moral and equal equivalent of a declaration of war. The president is as imperial as the Congress, the press and the public allow him to be therefore there are effective limitations on the presidents power. In the President f the united States (1990), British academic David Mervin states his belief that the concept of the imperial presidency was always something of a click as it up images of the president as an emperor, a supreme sovereign authority, a master of all he survey which is clearly not the case. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations on President specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations on President specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations on President specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In that sense the debate about the imperial presidency in US politics parallels closely the debate in the I-J about the position of the prime minister as an elective dictatorship a term coined by Lord Hails in the same decade. In Sam Athenians article in the Wall Street Journey of 27th December 2002, he illustrates some of the problems associated tit the imperial presidency debate. Athenians concludes the imperial president not a useful idea. It is an epithet, dredged up whenever a president combines strength with imagination. Presidents are, in sum, leaders not rulers which means of course, they are not imperial at all. Offices of persuasion Professor Richard Nauseated writes presidential power is he power to persuade. Where the I-J prime minister can wield real power, the US president must usually persuade: the prime minister commands; the president influences. In 2003, George W Bush proposed a $726 billion tax cut to Congress, one in which his Republicans had a charity in both Houses but the President headed out of Washington on a tour of targeted states to rally support for his proposal. The president uses formal and informal management techniques in an attempt to give their priorities an advantage in the Washington policy process. The Executive Office of the President has grown substantially since it was established in 1939, and now includes dozen separate units, including such important elements as the National Security Council, the Council of Economic Advisors and the Office of Management and Budget. These units have a role in bringing together expertise to help and support efficient administration-led policy making and implementation making it an ineffective limitation on presidential power. Tim Homes (2000) points out that the different political context within which presidential administrations operate and the electorate advantages with which an administration starts provide an individual framework of constraint on the presidential ability to persuade. Supreme Court The Supreme Court plays a vital role in checking and controlling the powers of the presidency. The court can damage a president and negate a particular activity. An example of this is shown with Roosevelt over his Court packing scheme which would eave enlarged its and curtailed the power of older members. The Supreme Court has power to argue against a bill if it is against the US Constitution. In the case of Ursula v Bush (2004), the Supreme Court ruled that the detainees at Augmentation Bay did have access to the US federal courts to challenge their detention, thereby striking down an important part of the Bush administrations legal policy regarding the war on terror. In 2005, when Bush approved unauthorized spying on US citizens after 9/1 1, the Supreme Court challenged this bill as it violated the Constitution. Charles Evans Hughes, the 1 lath Chief Justice of the Supreme Court once said, We are under a Constitution, but the Constitution is what the Judges say it is. Since Mammary v Madison 1803 established the doctrine of Judicial review, the Supreme Court has been able to limit presidential powers by shaping the parameters of the Constitution to bring about social and legal change. The Supreme Court is effective in limiting the presidents powers as it is expected to be a Judicial body which is politically impartial and which must attempt to transcend passing political passions an uphold the eternal values of the Constitution. In the spirit of the British constitution, the premiership is undergoing change through the force of practice and convention. The result is of pure derivative of institutional authority or established arrangements of power so much as a qualitative shift in form and interior substance that transcends the formal infrastructure of Britains political system. In the I-J, the Courts are able to limit the powers of the prime minister through Judicial review. However the absence of a codified constitution makes Judicial review not so far-reaching. In particular, edges cannot overturn Acts of Parliament because of the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. Nevertheless they can determine the lawfulness of actions that are carries out on the basis of delegated legislation. This can be seen as an ineffective limitation on the presidency as some Presidents have the opportunity to elect new judges if a vacancy arises. Although the Supreme Court was able to limit Bushs power with regards to spying on US citizens, he was given the opportunity to elect 2 Republican Justices. Congress The president needs congressional support, and in the more assertive mood of Congress in recent years incumbents have found this difficult to achieve even with their own party in Control. Faced by hostility from Congress, Bush and Clinton in his last 6 years had difficulties in carrying out aspects of their programmer, resulting in gridlock, a situation in which the two branches of government were locked inch conflict. The tendency of Congress to appoint special prosecutors to probe every aspect of a presidents affairs, and the relentless media interest which this creates, have paralyzing impact on presidential policy. Investigations drag on, seemingly for artisan reasons, and there is always the ultimate borrow of the threat of impeachment. Although the case against Clinton originated in a sexual harassment case concerning Paula Jones, he east impeached as Silicons answers regarding his relationship with Monica Leninism, a former White House intern, were untruthful and the perjury involved enabled the Republican persecutor, Kenneth Starr, to recommend that President Clinton should be impeached in 1999. Four articles of impeachment were laid down before the House Judiciary Committee which in December 1998 voted to approve further action on all of them namely; Article 1 hearing perjury before Ken Stars federal grand Jury, Article 2 charging perjury in the Paula Jones deposition, Article 3 charging obstruction of Justice in the Paula Jones case and article 4 charging failure to respond to the 81 questions posed by the House Judicial Committee during the impeachment inquiry. Congress is an effective limitation on the presidency and powers vested within it as Congress function of oversight of the executive branch and has powers to subpoena documents and testimony, hold individuals in contempt if they fail to comply with Congresss demands. However unlike in the British Parliament, the executive is not present so there is no opportunity for Question Time in Congress. It is only in the committee rooms where members of the executive branch can be questioned so despite the whole of the executive branch being limited by Congress, limitations on the resident himself and his powers. The US Congress has more of difficult role in limiting the powers of the president and calling him to account than Parliament has simply because the executive branch arent members of the legislature as seen in the I-J. Federal bureaucracy Although the president has plenty of constitutional authority, he is limited by the federal bureaucracy. The federal bureaucracy has three principle functions, executing laws, creating rules and adjudication. The constitution states in Article 2 section that the president shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed and is the main reason why the president needs the federal bureaucracy. No modern president seems to have been able to stop and tame the bureaucracy, as a result the majority of the agencies created since the sass have survived intact into the twenty- first century. American writers burns et al make a series of fair observations when they write of one of the persisting paradoxes of the American presidency On the one hand, the institution is too powerful, and on the other, it is always too weak. It is too strong because in many ways it is contrary to the ideals of government by the people and decentralization of power. It is too weak because presidents seldom are able to keep the promises they make. The president is limited by the federal bureaucracy as it is the federal bureaucracy who are required to write the specific rules that decide how the laws will be executed. When compared to the I-J, the civil servants are in control, serving any government impartially, whatever its political complexion. They must carry out decision with which they personally may disagree and not involve themselves in any partisan activity. The issue regarding the federal bureaucracy is problematic as the problem of management and control of bureaucracies has become a central issue of modern democratic government. In addition, the federal bureaucracy is said to be insufficient especially due to the response of the Federal Emergency Management Agency to hurricanes Strain and Rata in 2005. Pressure groups Presidency groups can mobiles public opinion either for or against the president himself or his policies. President Clinton experience this in 1993-93 over his proposed healthcare reforms. The Health Insurance Association of American that aired the highly effective series of Harry and Louise commercials which went a long way to skippering the Presidents proposals by turning public opinion against them. Edward Achebe and Engel Seafood (1999) identified another close link between producer groups and the executive branch. Pressure groups are an effective limit n the presidents powers as they are able to use their representative function to ensure the president doesnt abuse his powers. Interest groups remain a powerful force in American politics as they continue to organize and represent significant sections of the community. As a result, they will continue to have a privileged claim on the attention of the executive branch and the president himself. In the I-J, pressure groups seek to influence and limit the power of the prime minister as they are the heart of the core executive which develop and make government policy. However pressure groups are ineffective as they priorities the need to shape the content of public policy. This was demonstrated with the National Farmers Union which works with the Department for Rural Affairs in implementing policies related to farm subsidies, disease control and animal welfare. Problems arise with pressure groups as they can be seen as being incompatible with a pluralist society where political resources and access to government are spread widely in the hands of many diverse groups. Pressure groups are fostering an elitist view of society in which lattice resources are in the hands of few not many. Media Administrations have taken media relations seriously for many years. Before the advent of the electronic media, successive presidential administrations had on occasion suffered from adversarial press coverage, and benefited from supportive reporting. What the media reports and say can have a profound limit to what presidents can do. President Theodore Roosevelt was an active campaigner for his policies, and believed that press dissemination of his energetic and well-structured speeches could act to maintain his proposals high on the public agenda, even to the extent of appealing directly to the public in an attempt to influence the congressional receptiveness to presidential initiatives. Newsstands analysis is central to the scholarship of the presidency, but it is not universally accepted. Among the dissenters, Charles O. Jones 1994, similarly accepts that the presidents authority is limited but Jones is not convinced by Newsstands argument that the resources exist whereby the system can in practice be adapted to become presidency-centered. This alternative to the Nauseated view points out the presidents media centrality is a result f recent developments in the communications industry, rather than the consequence of presidential actions, and argues that focusing in the president as the pivot of American government ignores the more complex reality of how American government operates. This indicates an individual level of constraint on the presidents powers. The media is an effective limit on presidential power as it assists with the success of a policy campaign. Success of this kind has proved a valuable asset in the longer term by enhancing an administrations reputation for influencing public opinion and political outcomes. In comparison, the media in the UK is becoming more critical of politicians. This was evident in battles between the Blair government and the BBC over allegations that, in the run-up to the Iraq War, the government had sexed up a dossier emphasizing the military threat posed by Iraq to the I-J. The medias coverage of politics has become more difficult for prime ministers to manage due to a tendency to hype, blurring if facts and interpretation and television increasingly following print media in its style of political and current affairs coverage. In British politics, Estelle Morris seemed like a misfit because she acted as a normal human being. When eccentrics are put in charge of a set of institutions, they will obviously modify their behavior to some extent; but they are likely to cause far more modification to the institution they inherit. Robbers arise as the presidency has not only an advantage in attracting media attention but that it also applies considerable resources to spin that attention to its greatest advantage. For all the work that goes into maintaining and developing the presidents media centrality this cannot be counted on always to offer the same potential and there are indications that media coverage of hard news, political news and the presidency itself has declined in recent years. Conclusion To conclude, there are very effective limitations on the presidents powers as the Founding Fathers intended whilst writing the US Constitution. Effective limitations include the other branches of government, Judiciary and legislature, due to their effective checks and balances on the executive branch in avoiding a tyrannical government. In addition, the media has proven an effective limitation s their role in providing vital information does influence public opinion and affect political outcomes as well as the presidents reputation. Other constraints include pressure groups and offices of persuasion however due to their person agendas limiting presidential power is not a priority resulting in effective constraints by these administrations. Lastly, the idea of an imperial president can be disregarded as the president is as imperial as his constraints allow him to be. Mark Garnett argues in comparison that the unconfined I-J constitution gives too much power to the Prime Minister and that the 2003 reshuffle underlined this problem rather than tackle it.

Christmas Party Themes for Every Friend Group [Guest Post]

Christmas Party Themes for Every Friend Group [Guest Post] Whether this is your first Christmas in college or your last, it’s a long-awaited season of festivities. In the dorms, your friends are just a short walk away and there are plenty of events to choose from. In an apartment, you have the freedom to decorate an entire space, transforming it into a magical winter wonderland - don’t forget the photo booth! But year after year it seems more difficult to host a party that feels outside the box. That’s why we’ve put together this guide to help you plan your party based on the interests of you and your friend group. The Foodies After a week of dining hall food, you’ll already be dreaming of mom’s home cooking. If you’re in the dorms without a kitchen, make things interesting by hosting a homemade potluck. The caveat is that you can only use dorm room essentials (like a microwave). See who can craft the most delicious snack without a full kitchen. Hint: try your hand at no-bake desserts for a sweet treat that will be the talk of the party. If you’ve grown out of dorm life, host a Masterchef: Holiday Edition party. Give each person one ingredient that has to be the central flavor in their dish, and see what they come up with. You can keep it traditional with ingredients like peppermint and rosemary, or get creative with unconventional ingredients like bacon and seaweed - holiday-themed sushi, anyone? The Mathletes Is everyone in your group a math major or engineer? Bring numbers and coding into the equation. For those who love math, take gingerbread making to the next level. Include rules that require the builders to use specific angles in their design or an exact number of certain ingredients. Extra points if you bake the gingerbread shapes yourself so people can build structures that differ from the traditional house. If your friends are engineers, host a unique â€Å"gift† swap. Similar to Secret Santa, assign everyone a buddy. Then, have each person code a special card or message. Show the designs at the party and vote on the most creative one! Alternatively, you can turn this into a GIF challenge (especially for those who don’t code). Who doesn’t love a good GIF? The Pop Culture Buffs Whether your friends are aspiring actors and actresses, or simply in tune with the latest and greatest shows, you can’t help but have a Christmas movie marathon. Our vote is Elf. Take it from Buddy, â€Å"the best way to spread Christmas cheer is singing loud for all to hear.† That’s right, you won’t just be watching a movie, you’ll be playing themed games too. Start off with Pin the Face on the Elf. You can print the Christmas game here. You’ll also need to print out a variety of faces to stick on the elf’s body. For extra personalization, print the face of every guest out. Alternatively, you can choose everyone’s favorite celebrity. Next, have a sing-off. Someone will start singing a popular song. They’ll end on a word that’s common in many carols. The next person will start with that word and continue with lyrics from another song. Whoever can’t think of a new carol loses. The Know-It-Alls Are you that group that always knows random facts? If so, go head-to-head in a seasonal version of Holiday Jeopardy. From festive facts to seasonal puns, see who is the ultimate holiday aficionado. Make sure you designate a host for the game to moderate and provide small prizes for the winners. Once Jeopardy is over, switch to lighthearted games like Heads Up, Taboo or Pictionary. Create your own cards with inside jokes to keep it interesting. The Artists Who doesn’t love a sip and wine party? Instead of painting the same picture, let your creative skills run wild and make gifts for friends! Assign everyone a partner to make a gift for, but keep it a secret. Provide plain plates, mugs or glasses to paint. You can use paint, paint pens or other mediums. You’ll likely need to set the gifts in the oven, so remember to leave time for that. Grab a glass of wine and get painting! Once everyone is done and the gifts are set, place each piece out on the table. Vote who it was made for to see which friends you know best! Bonus: Make everyone wear homemade ugly Christmas sweaters to showcase their creative skills. The Accountants If you and your friends are in business or accounting, you’re used to working with money all the time. Put a unique spin money management by seeing how far everyone can stretch a dollar (or ten), at a thrift store. There are a few different ways you can interpret this theme. One is a scavenger hunt. Create a list of general items (ex. something green, something with glitter). Give everyone a time limit and see who can come back with the most unique items. Assign someone to be the judge and choose the winning team. Alternatively, you can throw a costume party. Everyone has $10 to come up with the most crazy holiday costume. The best outfit wins bragging rights for the next year. Now that you have a list of activities in mind, get planning! Don’t forget to check off all the party essentials: food, decorations, music, games, and, of course, a good group of friends. Take lots of pictures to send to Mom and Dad and show them that they taught you to host a party in style. Afterwards, you just have to get through those final papers and tests, and you’re on your way to a month-long winter break. Time for party number two (or three or four) with family and friends back home. Don’t forget to show them the tricks you learned from hosting your own holiday party! Author: Alex Heinz Alex Heinz loves everything DIY including sewing, crafting home decor, and cooking meals for friends. When shes not creating or writing, you can find her playing with her energetic dog, at the beach, or exploring new hikes.

Evidence Based Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evidence Based Practice - Essay Example This paper will apply EBP on the case of Betty. The Patient History Betty is 74 years old with history of hypertension since age 40. She has struggled to lose weight all her life and has given up on her attempts. She has remained active and fairly fit until the past two years. The approach to her hypertension is pharmacological, with metoprolol 100 mg bd, though in the past two years, her blood pressure increased to more than 160/90 in several instances. For the precedent year, she experienced repetitive chest and left arm pain with no evidence of ischaemia. She has had normal ECGs and troponin levels. She complains of increased shortness of breath and wheezing. These symptoms partially improved with inhaled beclomethasone diproprionate. She also has atrial fibrillation. Recent blood tests illustrate that her cholesterol is normal, but her fasting blood sugar is 6.1. Her full blood picture, urea, and electrolytes and liver function tests are normal. Betty also has a history of pernic ious anaemia and osteoarthritis. Betty is divorced and has a 51-year-old daughter who also has hypertension. Betty is independent and has lately felt somewhat depressed because of her inability to do everything she would like to do at home without feeling exhausted and short of breath. Answerable Questions The questions for this case are: What is the efficacy of various therapies in producing weight loss in a person who has failed previous attempts? What is the best therapy for the patient? These questions fall into the therapy category. The selected therapy approaches are: pharmacological approach, behavioural approach, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approach, and integrated approach. Surgical approaches are no longer included. Evidence Resources and Search Strategy The resources are academic medicine and nursing journals. EBSCO database is searched and related medicine/nursing journals are used. These keywords are used: â€Å"complementary and alternative medicine w eight loss,† â€Å"behavioural therapy weight loss,† and â€Å"pharmacological weight loss.† The results are fewer than 50 and are no longer limited to research or interventions, although research, trials, and nursing interventions were selected. There were no restrictions placed on language and years of publication although articles from 2004 onwards were selected. Examining the Evidence Evidence is examined through evaluating the research design and findings, as well as conclusions. Evidence is also compared with other independent and original researches done by other scholars and in other journals. Pharmacological Treatment Pharmacological treatments have been shown to be effective in reducing body weight. Neovius and Narbro (2008) conducted a systematic review on the cost-effectiveness of pharmacological anti-obesity treatments, specifically sibutramine, orlistat and rimonabant. Fourteen unique articles were used with exercise and diet used as comparators. Ma nufacturing companies funded these studies, except three. Findings showed that sibutramine, orlistat and rimonabant were cost-effective pharmacological treatments. Another study indicates the role of psychology in the efficacy of drug treatments. Elfhag, Finer, and Rossner (2008)

Week 5 disc 2 Can Government Create an Economic Recovery Essay

Week 5 disc 2 Can Government Create an Economic Recovery - Essay Example The economic crisis during his tenure was caused by among other factors; the collapse of the Stock Exchange in October 1929; failure of the banks to cushion customers’ money by insuring the cash; reduced purchasing power; and drought (Robbins, 2007). According to Robbins (2007), President Hoover’s administration announced practical and affordable plans aimed to balance the Federal spending; reform the financial sector; reduce taxes; and increase public works budget. Even though, these steps were gradual they had the potential to turn-around the American economy in the long-run, as opposed to the New Deal under FDR. The Great Depression of 1930s and the Great Recession of (2007-2009) are similar in the sense that they led to massive job cuts and a weakened private sector (Grabell, 2012). The government’s response eight decades ago draws similarities to the current economic stimulus programs aimed at empowering the private sector by creating more job opportunities and bringing the private sector back to life, almost instantaneously. Although, the two programs are believed to have eased budget shortfalls, especially for the private sector as a way of triggering the creation of more job opportunities, government spending is not the most effective way to deal with a major recession. The New Deal was more effective in restoring economy, since it was more

Development of a Free Source for Internet

Development of a Free Source for Internet Ebrahim Ali Otaif Suggestion for a free source for Internet for TTC The project aims to provide a new way to give the internet for Technical Trainers College for free and design it and build it for them. The data will be collected from the research websites and finished the survey in these websites. The target group of my project is the poor students in TTC also the poor staff in TTC. The collected data it will be analyzed and show to the students with reasons. The design method will be tested throughout the interviewing be the experts and the students. The expected result is to provide solving a problem for internet for TTC. 1.1. Key words: Development a free source for Internet Enhancing a free source for internet Improvement internet source Providing a free source for internet Introduction of a free source for internet Found a free source for internet Create a free source for internet Try a free source for internet Made a free source for internet Modify a free source for internet Example of a free source for internet Design a free source for internet Build a free source for internet Test a free source for internet Planning a free source for internet Manage a free source for internet Increase the ways of a free source for internet Change the ways of a free source for internet Choose a way of a free source for internet Implement a free source for internet Giving the internet for everyone will result in significant improvements in other key areas including social, cultural, political and global peace Emdad Khan (2011). For many people, the internet has become such a pervasive, fundamental part of daily life and business that it is hard to fathom that over 4 billion people more than 55% of the worlds population are still not online Many of those simply do not have access: they live in hard-to-reach rural areas or do not have digital or other basic infrastructure. Some simply do not see the benefits of being connected, often because of limited relevant digital content. Others are illiterate; many are poor.(The Boston Consulting Group, 2017) Figure 1: Twenty countries are home to three-quarters of the 4.3 billion internet non-users of internet. 2.1. Keywords: Part of daily life Do not have access Basic infrastructure Many are poor 2.2. Main ideas based on key words: Improve part of our daily life Proved internet access Replace the basic infrastructure Help the people Nowadays the internet is importing rescuers to our live that help the user on everything and make his job easy. There are many students or staff at TTC does not have access to the internet because they are poor or the Wi-Fi signal of the TTC is too bad. We should change our infrastructure from cabling on the ground to the air on the sky. Giving free internet to the poor people it helps in their life and makes them happy. (The Boston Consulting Group, 2016) There are many ways to deliver free internet and these ways come from different companies ideas, some companies are exploring the potential to solve coverage issues using satellites4everyone, balloons or stratospheric solar planes. Even if such solutions are speculative and for the long term, they deserve consideration and support from public authorities when necessary, such as accommodating airspace regulations and allocating suitable spectrum. (The Boston Consulting Group, 2016) The study of KATIKALA (2014) the aims of this paper to describes or overview about google Balloon that will powered Internet for everyone and the purpose of the idea how to provide the wireless network to remote areas to connect the people. The result of this study the balloon idea could be work and help countries to avoid the cost of underground infrastructure. The befits of this paper it helps me to know this idea and how it work and what the advantages if we use it. The study of PANDEY BHATTACHARYA (2014) they aims of this paper to show that traditional satellite systems along with the cellular networks it was great technology but the costs of equipments it was huge and cannot be done to everyone. The result of this study indicate that balloon with ad hoc mesh network It will enhance the current standard of living for the humans by giving Internet services. As previous studies mentioned the aim if this study is to provide a problem-solving. The idea here is to solve the problem of internet access for TTC students. The current study is going to answer the question of: Suggestion for a free source for Internet for TTC References Internet for Everyone: Reshaping the Global Economy by Bridging the Digital Divide, Emdad Khan (2011), 204 pages. The Boston Consulting Group (2016). Broadband Commission Special Session at the World Economic Forum: 21 January 2016, Davos, Switzerland. http://www.broadbandcommission.org/events/Pages/WEF-davos-2016.aspx   (Accessed on 17.01.2017) The Boston Consulting Group (2016). Internet for All A Framework for Accelerating Internet Access and Adoption, World Economic Forum White Paper. https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjm6OHutNvRAhXqHJoKHVOXCXUQFggZMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_Internet_for_All_Framework_Accelerating_Internet_Access_Adoption_report_2016.pdfusg=AFQjCNFys9KmT6kVUCXIgXREomiOVpEF3gsig2=B0QuojNrz2RIioAOJmkw   (Accessed on 17.01.2017) KATIKALA, S. (2014). GOOGLEà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ PROJECT LOON, RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, Volume 10, Number 2. PANDEY, M BHATTACHARYA, S. (2014). BALLOONED WIRELESS NETWORK FOR FREE INTERNET ACCESS, Vol. 4, Issue 2.

How Do “an Unearthly Child” and “Rose” Introduce the Doctor Who Concept Essay

Doctor Who was designed by Sydney Newman, the director of the BBC in 1963, who was faced with a dilemma. He was to produce a program for the family audience, which could be played between a sports programme, Grandstand, and a teen pop music programme, Jukebox Jury. Newman wanted the programme to entertain and educate people at the same time, in the ways of science and history. Newman, himself an adamant science-fiction fan, came up with the idea of a man, whom the people know little of, who travels around the cosmos in his 1960’s blue police box, his TARDIS. However, he needed some way to get the information from the Doctor to the public. Thus he created the companion, a normal person who accompanies the Doctor on his travels. He would introduce them in the first episodes, such as â€Å"Rose† and â€Å"An Unearthly Child†. 60’s audiences needed a programme that was not only entertaining, but also educational, since the whole family was to watch it. It also had to be appropriate for children to watch. Many families complained that the show was too frightening and gory. In fact, interest declined greatly if the Daleks did not feature in an episode. However, towards the late 1980s, interest bottomed out completely. The director of the programme at the time decided to take it off air. In 2005, we wanted shows that could make us ask questions, gave us an adrenaline rush or related to real life. Our expectations of television shows, especially in science-fiction and film, have risen with the new technology and special effects that can be used in a programme or film. Therefore, â€Å"Rose† uses special effects One of the show’s producer’s commented that she thought that the show may be too gory or frightening for the younger generation. The theme music was also a cause of complaint, as one mother said, â€Å"The theme music alone frightens my son†. A report showed that 3% of a surveyed audience found the show unsuitable for â€Å"family viewing†, because of the violent and frightening content. The show Doctor Who was a programme designed to educate families about space, science and history. However, nowadays, a typical family would not watch this together unless most or all of the children were teenage or grown up. We expect that a science-fiction programme should be dynamic, violent and exciting, because we want to have something to be scared of. It has, in recent times, leant over to the special effects and entertainment side of programmes in general, we do not expect a science-fiction programme to be educational as well as entertaining, and we feel that we only need documentaries for educating people. Doctor Who has merely become a source of entertainment. Rose, in â€Å"Rose†, is a blonde savvy East Londoner, speaks with a typical East-London accent and is a tough, here-and-now girl. Susan, in â€Å"An Unearthly Child† is a strange girl, seems to be the age of a secondary school girl, but with a much higher IQ and much more intelligent. We need the companions to ask questions, to help the public learn about the Doctor. There have always been no more than 3 companions at one time who travel with the Doctor. In â€Å"An Unearthly Child†, the first aired episode of Doctor Who, the Doctor traps 2 teachers in the TARDIS and takes them to the planet of the Daleks with his â€Å"grand-daughter†, Susan. Susan is around 16 years old. She seems to be the perfect student, according to the conversation which science teacher, Ian, who is worried that she may be too intelligent, and who is worried about his own intelligence has with Barbara, Susan’s history teacher, who is worried about her home life. The conversation is mixed with flashbacks of Susan in class, showing a more superior knowledge than her classmates. She has a high breathy voice, as was expected in actresses in the 1960s, and a 60s-style haircut, although it is very severely cut. These are the first clues that Susan is truly and â€Å"unearthly child†. When Barbara voices her worries, we are told that Susan has explained that she lives at a certain address. However, when Barbara visits to drop off a book that Susan has requested, there seems to be no legitimate address; it is a dump site, and when Barbara asks about Susan’s grandfather, Susan says that he prefers not to see people, although she mentions that he is a doctor. This plants the first seeds of doubt in the viewers’ minds, because although the flashbacks were strange, they could have just been referring to Susan as an overly intelligent child who doesn’t quite fit in with school life. We think that surely such an intelligent girl cannot live in a dump with only her grandfather. It also brings the viewers to worries such as, Is the grandfather a criminal, hiding away like that? and Is Susan really safe, living with such an old man?. We begin to think with the history teacher. When the teachers decide to go see Susan in a classroom, we have already learnt many of her qualities. The scene cuts to a shot of Susan in a classroom by herself. She is holding a small handheld music device to her ear and she is dancing to it. However, her dancing is not the typical 1960s dancing you would expect – it is very smooth and flowing, not something the audiences would expect from a teenager in 1963. The dancing makes her seem as if she has never heard the music before. This is another sign to show she is not really â€Å"from this world†. When the teachers ask her whether she would like a lift home (for it is dark), she declines the offer, saying that she likes the dark, â€Å"it’s mysterious†. She is also lent a book by Barbara, which appears to be one she has asked for. It is about the French Revolution. When scene ends, the shot is of Susan sitting on the table, holding the book and saying, â€Å"That’s not right! †. This almost seems as if she knows better, that she may have been there. This is the first proper hint of the fact that Susan is a time traveller. The previous hints may have shown that Susan was an odd child, that she had an active imagination. In â€Å"Rose†, we are introduced to Rose when she is finishing her shift at a department store. This shows that she is short of money, and implies that she did not receive a good education, because of the simple idea that uneducated people get jobs in Boots and Tescos. We cut to several shots from different angles within the space of a few seconds, as if to show the hectic speed that her life is played out at. This effect has been used because today, we are all familiar with Music has always played a key feature in television programmes, especially in dynamic and exciting shows like Doctor Who. For example, in â€Å"An Unearthly Child†, not much music is played, because much of the programme is conversation. The music that was played was spooky music, designed to scare the listener. It was mostly orchestrated, although some was edited with the â€Å"latest† 1960s equipment and technology. If the modern audience heard it today, they would think it is old-fashioned and outdated, because the music we hear today has a stronger beat and is we use more electronics to edit it. The props used in both â€Å"Rose† and â€Å"An Unearthly Child† have been synonymous to their times. The props used in the school scene of â€Å"An Unearthly Child† are only normal school desks and chairs. In the dump scene, outside the TARDIS, the dump is filled with typical things you would expect to find in a dump then. These props were well within budget, and because there were no stunts involving those scenes, the producers did not have to continuously pay money to have replacements built. This therefore, was cost effective. However, in â€Å"Rose†, to get the shots right when the department store blows up, the BBC had to pay for various things including safety screens for the cameras, insurance if the pyrotechnics went wrong, explosives and models for repeated shots. This however, was not too much of a problem, as the more modern episode had a bigger budget to account for the modern audience’s tastes – action, adrenaline, mystery and adventure. The camera shots also had to be cost effective, meaning that the ways in which both episodes were filmed both had to be appropriate and as accurate as possible. In â€Å"An Unearthly Child†, people were not used to people getting hurt on screen or otherwise. The budget and the technology could not stretch to the limits that we possibly might expect today. For example, the only major â€Å"stunt† scene is when the TARDIS starts up and Ian falls over. This effect was achieved by shaking the camera about while the actors fell about on set. This effect is laughable when watched today, but the 1960’s audience will have been filled with concern. Nowadays, the effect is achieved with a moving floor and a shaking camera. The shots in â€Å"An Unearthly Child† were produced by a camera which could not be zoomed in. This meant that between close-ups, the camera had to be moved. This was obviously time-consuming. The shot where the camera is moving around the TARDIS is achieved by placing the camera on a moving platform on rails or wheels. This is then moved while the camera is filming. Nowadays, we can pre-set the movements of the camera with a computer. In â€Å"Rose†, many computer generated effects were used to bring a sense of something that could not be created by man. For example, the Nestene Consciousness was a CGI effect. The effect had to be backed up by sound. The sounds that were needed were computer generated also, because the effect could not be achieved through instrumental music. . The actor Christopher Eccleston actually had to talk to a blank area on the ground while filming. Today the effects have moved on even more, and we can simply use greenscreen to solve the problem. The older episode, â€Å"An Unearthly Child† obviously could not have achieved these effects, as the technology to design them had not been created yet. As a viewer, I prefer the episode â€Å"Rose†, because the effects used in it created a sense of what the modern viewer wants – action, adrenaline, mystery and adventure. It is also longer, providing more entertainment for a longer period of time. This meant that the producer could cram a lot of information and adventure into one episode. The plot is more intriguing because the effects can be created by computer and other technology, not just physical objects.

Advertising Appeals

Dissertation On Study of advertising appeals used by the top Indian brands and its impact on consumer purchase. By SHARMA  PRATEEK JAYANT A0102210041 MBA (M&S) Class of 2012 Under the Supervision of Mrs. TEENA BAGGA FACULTY Department of Marketing In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Business Administration –Marketing & Sales AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, SECTOR 125, NOIDA – 201303, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA-2011 AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL DECLARATION I, Sharma Prateek Jayant student of Masters of Business Administration from Amity Business School, Amity University Uttar Pradesh hereby declare that I have completed Dissertation on â€Å"Study of advertising appeals used by the top Indian brands and its impact on consumer purchase. † I further declare that the information presented in this project is true and original to the best of my knowledge. Date: Sharma Prateek Jayant Enrollment No: A0102210041 MBA Class of 2010 Place: Noida AMITYUNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH AMITYBUSINESSSCHOOL CERTIFICATE Dissertation: Progress Review Stage 1 I, Mrs. Teena Bagga hereby certify that Sharma Prateek Jayant student of Masters of Business Administration at Amity Business School, Amity University Uttar Pradesh has completed first two chapters of dissertation on â€Å"Study of advertising appeals used by the top Indian brands and its impact on consumer purchase†, under my guidance Mrs. Teena Bagga Faculty Department of Marketing TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Advertising appeals: The Indian â€Å"TOP BRANDS† perspective 1. 2 Purpose of the study 1. 3 Context to the study CHAPTER- 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Advertising appeals: The Indian â€Å"TOP BRANDS† perspective. The reason to buy any product of any brand is derived by an advertising appeal. An advertising campaign can have more than one advertising appeal. Only one appeal can be used and it can have sub themes in an advertising campaign. The appeal must be unique and must give a positive impression about the product/brand to the target audience. Every appeal that is used by the brands in advertising is as per their competitors. Also, an important aspect of appeal is that it needs to be believable by the audience (Kumar, 1998). The audience tries to comprehend the advertisement and only then their purchase behavior gets inclined towards the brand. Only when the audience behavior is molded by the advertiser towards the brand, their purpose of advertisement is achieved. In order to do so advertisers understand the psychological aspects of the audience and then they try to develop the advertising appeal which can position their attitude towards the brand. For the advertiser it is very important to understand â€Å"How the diffusion of the message takes place in the target audience†. And in order to have a positive diffusion advertiser creates a favorable environment. Advertising mediums play an important role in the advertising message as it directly affects the mind of the target audience. These mediums can be Television, Radio, Internet, Print etc. Psychologists feel that all the human activities are based on the needs (Lamb et al. , 1992, Schewe, 1987). A consumer may have different types of needs like physiological, physical or latent. An individual who has a specific need always looks for the information from the marketing world. When there is a cue which is as per the need of the consumer, then an individual responds for the product/brand. Drivers that are present in individuals, vary at different levels. Consumers may be inclined towards the product because of the aura of prestige which is associated with the advertising appeals. Advertising appeal is the main central message in the advertising message. It arouses the desires and addresses the human need that can be satisfied by the product/brand which is advertised. Appeal is the underlying content in advertising. Advertising appeal and execution are usually interdependent. Advertising appeal can be used in all types of media but the execution style is different for different type of media. Advertising appeal is something which attracts the consumers and develops interest in esteem, sex, fear, security and sensory pleasure. Advertiser uses the word appeal to emphasize on the creativity. Commonly appeals persuade the consumer to invest in the product. Appeals not always have all the product attributes but they create an atmosphere where the target audience’s desires are evoked towards the product. For example, if there is a product for the housewives then the appeal would be related to family. The Indian top brands for the year 2011: India Rank (2011) | Brand Name| Category| | Amul| Milk Powder/Milk/Ice cream| 2| Kingfisher| Beer/Full-service airlines| 3| Big Bazaar| Retail| 4| ICICI Bank| Bank| 5| State Bank Of India| Bank| 6| Airtel| Mobile service provider| 7| LIC| Insurance| 8| Cafe Coffee Day| Coffee| 9| Titan| Watch| 10| Lakme| Cosmetics| SOURCE: Campaign Magazine which releases Asia’s top 1000 brand list every year. have had the best of the advertisi ng mixes with appeals reaching to the audience 1. 2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To find out the extent to which consumer purchase gets affected by advertising appeals used by the top Indian brands. . 3 CONTEXT TO THE STUDY Everyday consumers are bombarded with different advertising campaigns but they do not respond to everything as they need something other than just tangibles. There is a need to explore something more than tangibles that can attract their attention. The top brands in India have been able to do this in an excellent manner and today they have reached the top of the charts for the same reason. They were able to do this by using appropriate advertising appeals in their advertising campaigns. CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE †¢ (Verma, 2009) No communication is complete without feedback or reaction. The intent behind advertising is to persuade consumers to purchase and repurchase the product over and over again, but does the consumer respond to all communications sent by the advertisers? The human brain has a limited processing capacity and consumers have the tendency to process the most useful and appealing information first. Advertisers use different types of appeals and demonstrations to attract and retain customers, but the literature review shows very less work on evaluating the differential impact of various types f appeals on consumer purchase decisions. This study empirically tests the differential influence various advertising appeals create on consumer purchase decisions. †¢ (J. Hornik, August 2010) Marketing managers and scholars have focused substantial attention on the role of advertising message appeal in the persuasion process. The most common appeals (fear, humor, sex, comparative, gain/loss frame, t wo or one sided, and metaphor) have been compared to determine their relative effectiveness. Separate analysis for each response variable, to assess the contribution of several moderating effects on the results has also been performed. A test of heterogeneity indicated the presence of moderators on observed relationships. To supplement the quantitative analysis, a qualitative comparative analysis has been done. Results show that the overall appeal effect between conditions is of small to moderate size and that profound differences exist between appeals while some moderating variables have significant effects on effect sizes in appeal studies. All methods provided the opportunity to obtain results of theoretical and practical interest. †¢ (Nathalie Dens, Sept. 2010) The aim of this study is to investigate interaction effects between branding strategy (new brand versus established brand), advertising execution strategies (informational, positive emotional and negative emotional) and product category involvement (low and high) on consumers’ attitudes towards the product, purchase intention and the (parent) brand. Two analyses are performed in which involvement is manipulated at product category and at individual level. The results show that in general, line extensions of established brands are preferred over new brands. Furthermore, advertising strategy has little impact on consumer responses to line extensions of familiar brands. The type of advertising strategy used does have a significant impact on product and brand attitude and purchase intention for new brands, where negative emotional appeals lead to significantly more negative responses. The results are further moderated by product category involvement. Informational appeals score especially well in high-involvement situations, whereas positive emotional appeals perform better in low-involvement situations. Interestingly, the differences between advertising appeals in both low- and high-involvement conditions are greater for new brands than for extensions. †¢ (Mishra, 2009) Everyday consumers are bombarded with different advertising campaigns but they do not respond as they need something other than tangibles. There is need to explore something more than tangibles that can attract their attention. This can be done by using appropriate advertising appeal in the advertising campaign. If advertising appeal is interesting then it grabs the attention of the customers. It was revealed that persuasiveness, distinctness, perfectness, fascinating, sensational, energetic, aesthetic, elegant and captivating were the factors that emerged for the advertising appeal and dimensions were energetic, sensational, persuasiveness, distinctness and captivating. Factor and dimensions are compared on the basis of gender. It was found that persuasiveness, perfectness, sensational factors and energetic, sensational and persuasiveness dimensions do not vary on the basis of gender as males and females both feel that these factors and dimensions are important but females perceive that distinctness factor and dimension and aesthetic factor is more important than males but for males fascinating factor is more important than the females. †¢ As per the books referred There are mainly two types of appeals rational and emotional appeals. Rational appeal addresses the consumer’s functional needs of the product. Kotler (2000) opined that rational appeal is based on logic and product are been sold by highlighting the product attributes, quality, its problem solving capacity and its performance. Rational appeals are informative in nature and it focuses on the suitability of the product. This appeal is used by consumer durables and in competitive advertising. There are different types of rational appeal like feature appeal that focuses on important traits and features of the product. Information content in such kind of advertisement is very rich. It is used by high involvement product. There is another type of appeal named as competitive advantage appeal which gives a comparative picture of two or more brands. Comparison can be direct or indirect depending upon the brand and the product category. Price appeal is another type of rational appeal which focuses on the price or value of the product. This appeal is also used during the festival season. News appeal is used when a new product is introduced in the market or if certain modifications are done in the existing products. When the message is to be communicated to a larger audience and it is the established brand then popularity appeal is used as it emphasizes on the experience of the satisfied consumers. Rational appeals are based on the logic and reason to buy to product. In the actual scenario both the appeals i. e. , rational and emotional appeals works together. Emotional appeals are woven with the sensation of fun, love, enjoyment, fear etc. Ramaswamy and Namakumari, 2002). Kotler (2000) opined that there could be positive emotions as well as negative emotions but in the advertising campaign negative emotions can be converted to positive emotions. Emotional appeal is the feeling associated with the product. There are certain dreams and hope which are present in the individual which works consciously or subconsciously and gives pleasant feeling in the individual’ s psyche. Emotions also help in arousing and directing the behavior of an individual (Morris, 1999). Emotions also affect the consumer’s memory. When the state of mind is excited or agitated then it prompts the consumer to buy the product (Chunawalla et al, 1998). Therefore, emotional appeals are known as transformational appeals as they transform the feelings of the consumers towards the product. It gives positive mood to the consumers as it is related to the psychological attribute of the consumer. Emotional appeals are more effective for the older market then the newer or the younger market. When the emotional appeals are used in the advertising then consumption pattern of the product is very enjoyable. Sex appeal is used in the advertisement of soaps Audience is attracted as the desire is evoked and then it helps in selling the product. Sex appeal mainly helps in attracting the opposite gender masculine or feminine (Wright, 2000). According to Bradley (1995) sex appeal considered to be an offence sometimes depending upon the culture and the country but if the sex appeal is not obscene then it is acceptable in the society. For the perfumes and cosmetics love appeal is used. These appeals are used more younger generation.