Romantic love and marriage - 3814 Words

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Anthropologist Anthropology, Department of 1-1-2005 Romantic Love and Marriage: An Analysis of the Concept and Functionality of Romantic Love as a Marital Stabilizing Agent Emily Sorrell Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro Part of the Anthropology Commons Sorrell, Emily, Romantic Love and Marriage: An Analysis of the Concept and Functionality of Romantic Love as a Marital Stabilizing Agent (2005). Nebraska Anthropologist. Paper 9. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at†¦show more content†¦The anthropological literature tackling the topic of romantic love concerns possible factors that make love an integral part of general social structure and marriage in certain societies, such as modes of subsistence dependence, sexual equality and post-marital residence rules. One cannot overstate the significance that lies in understanding the relationship between love and marriage, as both are critical elements of humanity. Understanding love as a functioning agent in maintaining marital stability allows us to better understand an important part of who we are as humans. Hence, as a basic building block of human social structure, romantic  ·love and its role in the maintenance of society is an incredibly important area of research. Much of the anthropological community agrees that romantic love does constitute a valid area of research, and hopes to repair the general oversight of love that occurred in earlier ethnographic work (Jankowiak 1992 and Fischer 1992). In order to analyze the relationship between romantic love and marriage, it is necessary to compare current thinking with respect to this theme. It is also important to research and discuss love in terms of its functional role in society, or more appropriately, its functional role inShow MoreRelatedRomantic Love Is a Poor Basis for Marriage1257 Words   |  6 PagesLove is Blinding It felt as if she were standing in a timeless dream. In Paris, she waited for the not so stranger at a candlelit table by a crescent moon. The view from the Eiffel tower was amazing as she gazed off; she was so close she could almost touch it. All of a sudden, a familiar figure stepped out from the shadows and startled her. It was who she had been waiting for all along. 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Through Mr. Pontellier, Edna Pontellier, and Robert Lebrun, Chopin presents her opinions of love versus romantic love. Chopin uses the Pontelliers marriage to predict the modern view of love and the relationship between Edna and Robert to portrayRead MoreEssay On Romantic Love1503 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage poses a threat to the search for romantic love because, as Solomon in â€Å"All About Love† states, the â€Å"long history of marriage as a sacrament has little to say about sexual love, and sometimes has much to say against it.†(Page 60, Solomon). In fact, the idea of sexual and emotional love, or courtship love, actually provided an alternative means to a loveless marriage rather than preluded it. â€Å"The history of romantic love seems to indicate that love has its origins not only independent of marriageRead MoreThe Scientific Study Of Customs Of Individuals And Their Cultures Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship between romantic love in regards to an individuals social status and structure. This class has so far covered a wide range of opinions on the topic of love and how it relates to culture, and when or if it has any connection to marriage, courtship, or child rearing. While many individuals argue that romantic love, for much of history, has been a byproduct of marriage, while in current society, if one is lucky enough to find ‘the one,’ love often proceeds marriage. â€Å"The Theoretical ImportanceRead More Essay on Pride and Prejudice as Romantic Novel and Romantic Criticism1398 Words   |  6 Pagesand Prejudice as Romantic Novel and Romantic Criticism       To a great extent, Jane Austen satirizes conventional romantic novels by inverting the expectations of love at first sight and the celebration of passion and physical attractiveness, and criticizing their want of sense. However, there are also elements of conventional romance in the novel, notably, in the success of Jane and Bingleys love.    The first indication of Austens inversion of accepted romantic conventions is ElizabethRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1702 Words   |  7 Pageshoping to find a wife for a potential financial benefit or property gain. Unfortunately, love is simply considered to be a bonus and Austen is horrified by this lack of consideration of people being unable to find their true loves because they are so focused on material circumstances. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen illuminates the literary theme of marriage by contrasting extrinsic motivation with romantic connections through the relationships between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, Charlotte Lucas and MrRead MoreDefinition Essay on Love1035 Words   |  5 PagesLove by definition is an emotion explored in philosophy, religion, and literature, often as either romantic love, the fraternal love of others, or the love of God based on the definition found in The Encarta Encyclopedia. As I explored the definition by means of the Internet, books, and articles I noticed the definitions changed quite a bit, but yet had the same basic understanding. The definition I found in The Encarta Encyclopedia was probably the most simple and most basic. It refers to love

Rhetorical Analysis Of Michelle Obamas Speech - 900 Words

A Rhetorical Analysis of Michelle Obama’s 2016 DNC Speech At the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, Michelle Obama the first lady at the time, was endorsing the democratic candidate, Hillary Clinton. Using her personal connection with the president and Hillary Clinton, Michelle Obama creates a more personal speech. With her credibility as first lady, use of her family and her platform she lead as first lady, she persuades the audience to spread Hillary Clinton’s campaign message. Michelle Obama uses the rhetorical devices including, anaphora, several allusions, and imagery to strengthen her 3 appeals and persuade her audience. In her Speech, Michelle Obama uses anaphora; the regular repetition of the same word or†¦show more content†¦And there but for the grace of God go I.† In this quote she referenced God and she also lead up to it with a strong christian saying and motivator often used when crisis hits such as a hurricane or other nat ural disaster. The second allusion was a historical allusion, and although it was a weaker reference it was an impactful phrase. She states, â€Å"I want †¦ a president who truly believes in the vision that our Founders put forth all those years ago that we are all created equal, each a beloved part of the great American story.† Another common statement used by politicians, in reference to the constitution, and the founding fathers. It is a powerful phrase because, first it is a litote at Donald Trump and it is also evoked a lot of American pride. The final allusion that Mrs. Obama used in her speech was a military allusion, in reference to the heroes that step up and are taught by this great country’s military. The speech states, â€Å"Heroes of every color and creed who wear the uniform and risk their lives to keep passing down those blessings of liberty, police officers and the protesters in Dallas who all desperately want to keep our children safe.† Sh e references this because it was a relevant topic in the news and another topic that more people could connect with, as many of this country’s citizens have family that are in or have served in our military.Show MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Obama s Victory Speech1245 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Obama’s Victory Speech This speech was given by Barack Obama who won 2012 election as the president. I’m going to analysis his voice, audience, speaker’s message and occasion for the speech. Different angle, different view can show all the Obama’s rhetorical words in his victory speech. In 2012, this is Barack Obama’s second inaugural. He had greatest way to put all the rhetorical words in his speech. It was one of the best of his speech so far. Rhetoric was made in fifthRead MoreFive MaAm, By Michelle Obama1002 Words   |  5 Pageswell-dressed woman quietly sitting next to him. The occupant grimly nods her careworn features, the embodiment of disinterest; Her mind, a grey mist that obscure her innermost thoughts like a sweeping, sullen, shroud. Michelle Obama, the senator’s wife would soon be known as Michelle Obama, the orator. The thought of delivering a requiem for her husband’s political career elicits such cynical mirth that would shame Voltaire’s quips. Fortitude, that ironclad citadel is steadily eroded by the wavesRead MoreA Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address9492 Words   |  38 PagesRhythm and Rhetoric: A Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address Liilia Batluk Supervisor: Stuart Foster School of Humanities Halmstad University Bachelor’s thesis in English Acknowledgment My appreciations to my supervisor Stuart Foster for very helpful advice during the research. Abstract In this essay I shall analyze Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address, January, 2009 from the perspective of various linguistic techniques. More specifically, I shall propose and focus on the idea that the

World Health & Population for Administrative -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWorld Health Population for Administrative Record. Answer: Introduction Administrative record keeping is the process of maintaining medical records for patients with the objective o0f providing future references which could help in improving healthcare provision. Therefore proper record keeping in the healthcare sector contributes to efficiency in healthcare provision. The My Health Record program involves electronic storage of patient information and hence making it effective since there is no paperwork involved (Sullivan Wyatt, 2006). A large amount of data can be stored in the database while occupying minimal space. The program will help all health care providers to comply with the law governing the keeping of administrative records.The paper discusses the challenges and the problems that may arise as a result of using My health Record as a method of summarizing a patient`s health information. The report also discusses the capabilities and the potential benefits of the program. The report ends with a conclusion that advises on whether the government of Australia should go ahead with the program or not. Potential problems My Health Record may bring about a variety of challenges to health care service provision. One of the major issues that may affect electronic health keeping through My Health Record program is the safety of patient information. We are in an era where cybercrime is on the rise.It, therefore, means storing patient data on electronic systems may expose it to theft through hacking and this may infringe on the patient rights (Gupta, 2008). If the information reaches a third party who is not authorized to access the information, it may result in stiff penalties for the health care provider or even jail sentence. Another challenge that could be faced when the electronic record keeping system gets introduced in the healthcare sector is that the data may get permanently lost as a result of the breakdown of the systems (Iacovino, 2006). Recovering this data can either be difficult or entirely impossible. Another potential challenge of electronic health records is that they do not follow the normal workflow of a physicist. It may interfere with the productivity of clinicians and other healthcare professionals and hence affecting health care services. There is also the problem of medical identity theft.Electronic healthcare record keeping has opened a gap that could be exploited to commit identity theft. Medical identity theft is the illegal use of personal information of a patient to obtain medical services. The data can also be sold to criminals globally. Capabilities The My Health Record program has many capabilities that make it suitable for record keeping of medical records. My Health Record can improve the efficiency in service provision in the healthcare sector in Australia. It means that patients' data will be easily available and accessible to medical officers. Medical officers will, therefore, be able to make a diagnosis to the patient informed by the historical record of the patient as well as tests conducted on the patient (Kostkova, Szomszor Fowler, 2012). The system also has the capability of reducing the cost of record keeping by more than 30%. Electronic record keeping is cheaper than keeping physical records and hence it has the capacity of reducing costs for healthcare providers. The system also has the capability of reducing the cases of privacy infringement when it comes to healthcare information ( Pagano, M. P., Pagano, 2011). Data stored electronically may be safer compared to data stored in other forms.The data is more secure because few people can access data that is stored electronically compared to records stored physically. Benefits One of the benefits of the My Health Record is that it will help all health care providers to comply with Government legislation governing patient information record keeping(Azim, TunonBaqui, 2013).Therefore, the government can be able to plan and improve standards of health care for its citizens when it has reliable and up to date medical records of all patients. Another benefit is that medical officers can be able to use the medical records to treat a patient without seeking too much medical history from the patient, some of which is difficult to recall.It will make the work of medical physicians easy since the data is reliable and accurate (Goldstein, 2007). Patient health information stored electronically will be more secure if appropriate security measures are taken to protect the data. It will ensure adherence to privacy and confidentiality laws if appropriate security measures are put in place Another benefit of electronic health records is that people who find themselves in casualty situation such as an accident or natural disaster can benefit from the records. Even when the patient is unresponsive, the doctor can access the information and use the historical data of the patient to help save the life of the patient. Since in most instances, the patient is under the care of different doctors, the medical staff can be able to exchange important information about the patient in an easy manner. Medical practitioners can also easily transfer data on the patient to other departments without making errors which can be made if other methods are used (Williams amarth, 2011). The quality of healthcare in Australia will improve as a result of the adoption of My Health Record.Quality will improve because the timely and accurate data generated from the system will lead to a better diagnosis. Conclusion From the study carried out,MyHealth Record has various benefits and challenges. The electronic health record system is cheap and affordable to the players in the healthcare sector in Australia. The cost of installing and maintaining the record keeping systems is low and hence making it`s a good choice. The system will also improve efficiency in health care provision since information is easily assessable and reliable. My Health Record can be insecure because its more likely to be targeted by cybercriminals and hence may lead to theft or loss of patient health records. The information in the electronic storage system can get assessed by unauthorized persons and hence lead to infringement of privacy rights of patients. The other problem that may be brought about by My Health Record. References Azim, S., Tunon, C., Baqui, A. (2013). Record Keeping Systems for Quality Improvement in Urban Primary Health Care Clinics. World Health Population, 2(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.12927/whp..17508 Goldstein, D. E. (2007). Medical informatics 20/20: Quality and electronic health records through collaboration, open solutions, and innovation. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Gupta, M. (2008). Archives and records management. New Delhi: Global India Publications. Iacovino, L. (2006). Recordkeeping, ethics, and law: Regulatory models, participant relationships, and responsibilities in the online world. Dordrecht: Springer. In El, M. C. (2014). Research perspectives on the role of informatics in health policy management. Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference. Kostkova, P., Szomszor, M., Fowler, D. (2012). Electronic Healthcare: 4th International Conference, eHealth 2011, Malaga, Spain, November 21-23, 2011, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Pagano, M. P., Pagano, C. L. (2011). Authoring patient records: An interactive guide. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Sullivan, F., Wyatt, J. C. (2006). ABC of health informatics. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishing. Williams, T., Samarth, A. (2011). Electronic health records for dummies. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley Pub.

Tutankhamen As A Teacher Essay Example For Students

Tutankhamen As A Teacher Essay Tutankhamen as a TeacherWhat does the tomb of Tutankhamen and its contents show about the Egyptian concern for the afterlife? Tutakhamens tomb, and the artifacts inside are an indication of the concern the Ancient Egyptians held for the after-life of their king. On the 26th of Nov. 1922, the English archaeologist Howard Carter opened the virtually intact tomb of a largely unknown pharaoh, Tutankhamen. This was the first, and the finest royal tomb found in the history of Egyptology. It took almost a decade of meticulous and painstaking work to empty the tomb of Tutankhamen. Around 3500 individual items were recovered. When the Burial Chamber of Tutankhamen was officially opened, on 17 February 1923, the Antechamber had been emptied. It had taken near fifty days to empty the Antechamber; the time required to dismantle and restore the contents of the Burial Chamber including the gilded wooden and the sarcophagus was to be greater, and the work was not completed until November 1930, eigh t years after the original discovery. One must examine both the tomb itself, and its contents, to see the connection between the tombs and burial rituals and the doctrine of eternal life. The royal tombs were not merely homes in the hereafter for the kings, as are the private tombs of commoners and nobility. Instead the tombs are cosmological vehicles of rebirth and deification as much as houses of eternity. As the king is supposed to become Osiris in a far more intimate way than commoners, he is equipped with his very own Underworld. And as the king is supposed to become R? in a way entirely unavailable to commoners, he is equipped with his very own passage of the sun, whether this is thought of as the way through the underworld or through the heavens. Tutankhamons tomb, hurriedly prepared for the premature death of the king at the age of only about 18, is, as Romer says, a hole in the ground, compared to a proper royal tomb. The theme of fours is conspicuous in Egyptian religious practice. Tutankhamons tomb contains four chambers. The burial chamber, with a ritual if not an actual orientation towards the West, is the chamber of departure towards the funeral destinies. The internment of the body certainly is the beginning of the sojourn of the dead, and the Egyptians saw the dead as departing into the West. The room called the Treasury is then interpreted to have a ritual orientation towards the North as the chamber of reconstitution of the body. Since the most conspicuous object in the Treasury was a great gilt sledge holding the shrine containing the canopic chest, which holds the kings, viscera, this could well suggest the problem of reassembling the kings living body. That task, indeed, has a very important place in Egyptian mythology. After the goddess Isis had retrieved her husband Osiriss murdered body from Byblos, their common brother, Seth, the original murderer, stole the body, cut it into pieces, and tossed them in the Nile. Isis then had to retrie ve the parts of the body before Osiris could be restored to life. Her search through the Delta, which is in the North of Egypt, seems to parallel the sacred pilgrimage to cities of the Delta that Desroches-Noblecourt relates as one of ritual acts of the funeral, as many of the other objects in the Treasury seem to be accessories for that pilgrimage. For the sovereign to be reborn it was necessary that a symbolic pilgrimage be made to the holy cities of the delta. The principal halts of the journey corresponded almost exactly to the four cardinal points of the delta where these cities were situated. Sais, to the west, represented the necropolis where the body was buried; Buto to the north, with its famous canal, was an essential stage of the transformations within the aquatic world of the primordial abyss, evoking the water surrounding the unborn child; and Mendes to the east whose name could be written with the two pillars of Osiris, the djed pillars, evoking the concept of air. The re, said the old texts, the gods Shu and Tefenet were reunited, or again, according to the 17th chapter of The Book of the Dead, that was where the souls of Osiris and Re had joined. Finally, the southern-most city which completed the cycle of Heliopolis, the city of the sun, symbolizing the fourth element, fire, where the heavenly body arose in youth glory between the two hills on the horizon. As these four cities parallel the four rooms of the tomb itself, we seem to have a nice series of parallel symbols. If Sais, in the West, was significant for its necropolis, then Sais, like the burial chamber, can represent the departure into the West. Buto itself, the northernmost city, then represents the site of the actual reconstitution of the body. What followed Isiss reassembly of Osiriss body was its revivification. Mendes, in the East, where the sun rises, would then seem to be the locus for that, with the associations, especially with Osiris. In the tomb, the small Annex is then as sociated with this ritual stage, the chamber of rebirth. The ritual pilgrimage then ends at Heliopolis in the South, where the king, having been reborn, reassumes his throne, as Desroches-Noblecourt views the Antechamber of the tomb as the chamber of eternal royalty. Overall, the tomb may be divided into three parts: The Inner Tomb, which means the burial chamber and its side rooms, however elaborate; the Middle Tomb; and the Outer Tomb. In the Outer Tomb, six parts may be distinguished: four passages, the Well, and the optional well room. The four passages originally consisted of two deep stairs and two sloping corridors. The outer stair might not now be considered part of the tomb proper, since it merely led up to the sealed entrance of the tomb; but the Egyptians saw it as already part of the tomb and named it the gods first passage, or the gods first passage of the suns path. All the corridors, indeed, were thought to represent the passage of the sun god R? through the twelve ca verns of the underworld in the hours of the night, prior to his rebirth at dawnthe precedent for the rebirth of the king. Consequently, when decorated, they at first held excerpts from the Amduat, the book of That Which is in the Underworld, or the later Book of Gates. As the emphasis slowly shifted with time from the association with the underworld to an association with R? himself, another work, the Litany of R? made its appearance. The stair of the gods third passage was thus originally a room with the stair in its floor. As the stairs later became ramps, and as the descent of the passages leveled out by the XX Dynasty, the gods third passage was revealed as having a ritual as well as a practical meaning; for the flat spaces of the original room were preserved, even when they had been reduced to no more than long niches in part of the walls of the third passage. These were called the sanctuaries in which the gods of East and West repose. East and West refer to the ritual orientat ion of the passage, East on the Left when facing out of the tomb (as the Egyptians saw it), West on the Right. The fourth passage eventually acquired two niches at the end, called the doorkeepers niches. The Well itself is a feature that has excited considerable interest. The Egyptians called the Well the hall of waiting or hindering. The function of such a room, as symbolic of the whole tomb, provides a ritual locus for rebirth. The Ba soul in earlier representations flies up the shaft of the tomb and out into the world. All that is added in the royal tomb is the kings trip through the underworld, the four entering or, as the Egyptians also saw them, exiting passages. The Hall of Waiting, with or without the well itself or the lower well room, typically shows scenes of the king meeting the godsone of the motifs of the burial chamber in Tutankhamons tomband this is often shown when decoration has not been completed elsewhere in the tomb, as in that of Thutmose IV. This would indicat e some importance to the function of such a part of the tomb. This brings us, through the sealed door, to the Middle Tomb. As the Chariot Hall or Hall of Repelling Rebels, it contains the equipment needed for the king to live an ordinary life and perform his kingly duties once reborn, i.e. actual chariots, beds, clothing, etc. Some have labeled it the chamber of eternal royalty. One might call it the living room of the tomb, the opposite of the burial chamber with its uniquely funereal equipment. It then may be significant that the rest of the tomb is accessed through the stair or ramp dropped from the floor. If the spirit of the king comes up from the crypt, entering the Chariot Hall is like rising into the upper world. It is at that point that we might divide the whole tomb into the Upper Tomb and the Lower Tomb. The Lower Tomb is about death and rebirth; the Upper Tomb is about the new life and access to the world (the Chariot Hall and the Outer Tomb, both the shaft of the Well a nd the outer passages). Significantly, the wall of the Chariot Hall above the passage down (the another gods first passage), often displays an Osiris shrine, which signal an emphasis on Osiris. Once freed of its contents, it became possible to examine the wall paintings in the only decorated room in the entire tomb, the burial chamber. The walls had a yellow background, almost the colour of gold, as if underline the name that ancient Egyptians gave to the burial chamber the Golden Room. The surface of the paintings was in an excellent state of preservation though it was speckled with innumerable tiny circular stains due to the development of colonies of micro-organisms. The decoration quite simple and ordinary in style: the northern wall, seen on entering the room, features Tutankhamen in the centre, wearing the dress of living, holding the sceptre and the ritual mace, before the goddess Nut, depicted in the act of performing the nyny ritual. This central scene is flanked by two ot hers: on the Tutankhamens is shown dressed Osiris in the presence of Pharaoh Ay, his successor. Ay, wearing the costume of the sem-priest and the distinctive skin of a panther, officiates at the rite of the Opening of the Mouth, through which the deceased is revived. Tutankhamen is shown with his head draped in the nemes, and, followed by his ka, standing before Osiris. On the adjacent western wall, are illustrations of passages taken from the Book of Amduat, showing the voyage of the sun barque through the 12 hours of the night, represented by 12 deities with the faces of baboons. The eastern wall illustrates the transport of the royal sarcophagus, set inside a shrine mounted on a sledge, drawn by 12 characters, of whom two are dressed differently from the others, indicating a superior social standing. The south wall was painted last, and is a scene of Tutankhamen, accompanied by Anubis, in the presence of the goddess Hathor. The centre of the room is now occupied by the quartzite sarcophagus containing the outermost coffin. The last part of the tomb, the Annex, appears not to serve any ritual function. The contents of tomb are also an indication of the importance the Egyptians placed on the afterlife. It is not necessary to examine all the contents of the tomb, as this would be a painstakingly long and arduous task. To see the significance the Egyptians placed on the after-life, one need only examine a few of the articles found. One of the two life-sized statues which stood guard at the sealed door of the Burial Chamber, on the north side of the Antechamber. The two statues, almost identical except for their headgear, are made of wood, painted with black resin and overlaid with gold in parts. They depict the pharaoh, or rather the pharaohs ka, in a striding pose and holding a mace in one hand and a long staff in the other. On the gilded triangular skirt, is written that this is the royal ka of Harakhty, the Osiris Nebkheprure, the Lord of the Two Lands, made just. Two life-sized wooden statues intended to protect the eternal rest of the Pharaoh. Tutankhamens mask, made of solid gold, was placed directly upon the pharaohs mummy, and had the function of magically protecting him. This beautiful object weighs 10 kg and is decorated with semiprecious stones (turquoise, cornelian and lapis lazuli) and coloured glass paste. The pharaoh is portrayed in a classical manner, with a ceremonial beard, a broad collar formed of twelve concentric row consisting of inlays of turquoise, lapis lazuli, cornelian and amazonite. The traditional nemes headdress has yellow sripes of solid gold broken by bands of glass paste, coloured dark blue. On the forehead of the mask are a royal uraeus and a vultures head, symbols of the two tutelary deities of Lower and Upper Egypt: Wadjet and Nekhbet. A very fine shabti of Tutankhamen, portrayed holding the heqa-sceptre and the nekhakha-flail, and inscribed with a text from Chapter 6 of the Book of the Dead. This passa ge specifies the functions of these mummiform statuettes, made of wood, terracotta, faience or metal, and in some cases left in the tomb in their hundreds. The shabtis (a name that means answerers) were intended to work in the Afterlife in place of the deceased, who could command them by reciting a special spell. In the New Kingdom especially the shabtis were considered as chattels, not unlike slaves. In Tutankhamens tomb, a staggering total of 413 shabtis was found, arranged in 26 coffers placed in the Annex and in the Treasury, but only 29 of them were inscribed with the text of the formula from the Book of the Dead. With the canopic chest, as seen in fig 1, the theme of fours in Egyptian thought and ritual is the most conspicuously manifest. While the embalmed heart was returned to the chest of the deceased, the liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines were separately packaged, coffined, and stored. Each of these was then under the protection of one of the Sons of Horus, Imset (or A mset) for the liver, Hapi for the lungs, Duamutef for the stomach, and Kebekhsenuf for the intestines. Stone canopic chests typically have four chambers for the four coffins, closed with four stoppers, which themselves are either in the form of four human or of one human and three animal heads. With Tutankhamon we are fortunate to have the further equipment of the gilt shrine and sledge for the canopic chest, and the four guardian goddesses who watch over the whole, each identified by a symbolic device on her head: Isis watching over the liver from the southwest, her sister Nephthys watching over the lungs from the northwest, Neith, the ancient goddess of Sais, watching over the stomach from the southeast, and finally Serket, a scorpion goddess, watching over the intestines from the northeast. The figures of these goddesses are masterpieces of art, now available in endless reproductions. Tutankhamens royal Golden Throne was found in the Antechamber. The throne was made of wood cover ed with sheet gold, and adorned with semiprecious stones and coloured glass paste. His wife, Queen Ankhesenamun, whose head is adorned with two tall plumes and a sun disk, stands before the pharaoh, languidly seated on a throne; the queen places one hand on his shoulder while in her other she proffers a vase of scented unguents. The rays of the sun god Aten shine upon the royal couple and endow them with vital energy. The influence of Amarna art and religious conceptions can be clearly seen in the sensitivity and naturalism of this scene. There was also a wooden shrine covered with thick gold foil, set on a wooden sledge encased with silver leaf, found in the Antechamber of the tomb. Originally it must have contained a gold statuette of the pharaoh, stolen during one of the two episodes of tomb-robbery which took place in antiquity. The walls of the shrine are covered with scenes executed with exquisite craftsmanship depicting scenes of hunting and everyday life, featuring the phara oh and his wife, Ankhesenamun. A ivory headrest, depicting the god Shu, the god of air and breath, was found in the annex. It was there to ensure a supply of air for the sleeper (dead or alive). It was a symbol of resurrection, because it enabled the head to breath, by lifting it up from the prostrate position of death. There was also a pair of wooden sandals, overlaid with marquetry veneer of bark, green leather and gold foil stucco. The sole was decorated with figures of Asiatics and Negroes where the king could trample on them. These shoes, however are very uncomfortable to wear and it seems they were constructed for the king to wear in his next life. A number of lamps were found in the burial chamber, placed there for the King to use as he made his journey to the underworld. They were amazing works of art, decorated with detailed paintings of the king and queen. This was also the resting place of the three coffins, and of course, the mummy. The mummy itself is an excellent examp le of the Egyptians belief in the after-life. The concept of mummification was practiced because of the belief that after death the soul would return to the body and give it life and breath. Household equipment and food were placed in the tomb to provide for a persons needs in the afterworld. The ceremony opening of the mouth was carried out by priests on both the mummy and the mummy case in order to prepare the deceased for the journey to the afterworld. This was an elaborate ritual which involved purification, censing (burning incense), anointing and incantations, as well as touching the mummy with ritual objects to restore the senses. Inside the bandages that wrapped the mummy, lay a number of different objects the King was supplied with for use in his after-life. He was supplied with a gold dagger and sheath to protect him during his journey to the after-life, and 143 amulets and pieces of jewelry were scattered through the several layers of bandages that wrapped his corpse. In conclusion it is possible to say that Tutankhamens tomb gave the modern world an excellent insight into the Egyptians belief in the after-life. Both the tomb itself, and its contents, show how much importance the Egyptians placed on the doctrine of Eternal life, and how strong their belief was that their King would be resurrected as a god. Thus, the tomb of Tutankhamen and its contents show that the Egyptian concern for the after-life, was very strong, and that they went to great lengths to ensure that the eternal life of their kings. BibliographyWorks CitedGardiner, Sir Alan. ?Egypt of the Pharoahs.? Great Britain: Oxford University Press. 1966Lehner, Mark. ?The Complete Pyramids, Solving the Ancient Mysteries.? Great Britain: 1977Thames and Hudson The Internet Chronology of the New Kingdom Tombs of the Valley of the Kings Model tomb in the American Museum of Natural History Manchester Metropolitan Universitys site on the Tomb of Menna Philosophy of History Philosophy of Religion ( Copyright (c) 1997 Kelley L. 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